rspНаучно-практическая ревматологияRheumatology Science and Practice1995-44841995-4492IMA-PRESS, LLC10.14412/1995-4484-2012-1298rsp-1186Research ArticleСтатьиArticlesУЛЬТРАЗВУКОВОЕ СКАНИРОВАНИЕ: ВОЗМОЖНОСТИ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ ДЛЯ ОЦЕНКИ ПОРАЖЕНИЯ ЛЕГКИХ ПРИ СИСТЕМНОЙ СКЛЕРОДЕРМИИULTRASOUND SCANNING: POSSIBILITIES AND PROSPECTS OF EVALUATING LUNG INVOLVEMENT IN SYSTEMIC SCLERODERMAOvsyannikovaOlga BorisovnaOvsyannikovaOlga Borisovnasorry_84@mail.ruАнаньеваЛ. П.AnanyevaL P-КоневаО. А.KonevaO A-ДенисоваО. В.DesinovaO V-СтаровойтоваМ. Н.StarovoitovaM N-201215122012506№6 (2012)8087Copyright © Ovsyannikova O.B., Ананьева Л.П., Конева О.А., Денисова О.В., Старовойтова М.Н., 20122012Ovsyannikova O.B., Ананьева Л.П., Конева О.А., Денисова О.В., Старовойтова М.Н.Ovsyannikova O.B., Ananyeva L.P., Koneva O.A., Desinova O.V., Starovoitova M.N.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://rsp.mediar-press.net/rsp/article/view/1186References<div><p>Гусева Н.Г. Системная склеродермия и псевдосклеродермические синдромы. М.: Медицина, 1993; 75—140.</p><p>Gabrielli A., Avvedimento E.V., Krieg T. Mechanisms of disease scleroderma. N Eng J Med 2009; 360: 1989—2003.</p><p>Steen V.D., Medsger T.A. Severe organ involvement in systemic sclerosis with diffuse scleroderma. Arthr Rheum 2000; 43: 2437—44.</p><p>Steen V.D., Medsger T.A. Changes in causes of death in systemic sclerosis, 1972—2002. Ann Rheum Dis 2007; 66(7): 940—4.</p><p>Launay D., Hubert M., Berezne A. et al. Clinical characteristics and survival in systemic sclerosis-related pulmonary hypertension associated with interstitial lung disease. Chest 2011; 140(4): 1016—24.</p><p>Ананьева Л.П., Теплова Л.В., Лесняк В.Н. и др. Клиническая оценка проявлений интерстициального поражения легких при системной склеродермии по данным компьютерной томографии высокого разрешения. Науч.-практич. ревматол. 2011; 2: 30—9.</p><p>Weaver A.L., Divertie M.B., Titus J.L. Pulmonary scleroderma. Dis Chest 1968; 54(6): 490—8.</p><p>Ferri C., Valentini G., Cozzi F. et al. Systemic Sclerosis Study Group of the Italian Society of Rheumatology (SIR-GSSSc). Systemic sclerosis: demographic, clinical, and serologic features and survival in 1,012 Italian patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 2002; (2): 139—53.</p><p>Steen V.D., Powell D.L., Medsger T.A. Jr. Clinical correlations and prognosis based on serum autoantibodies in patients with systemic sclerosis. Arthr Rheum 1988; 31: 196—203.</p><p>Mathai S.C., Hummers L.K., Champion H.C. et al. Survival in pulmonary hypertension associated with the scleroderma spectrum of disease: impact of interstitial lung disease. Arthr Rheum 2009; 60(2): 569.</p><p>Steen V.D. The lung in systemic sclerosis. J Clin Rheumatol 2005; 11: 40—6.</p><p>Насонова В.А., Астапенко М.Г. Клиническая ревматология. М.: Медицина, 1989; 175—93.</p><p>Desai S.R., Veeraraghavam S., Hansell D.M. et al. CT features of lung disease in patients with systemic fibrosis and nonspecific interstitial pneumonia. Radiology 2004; 232: 560—7.</p><p>Schurawitzki H., Stiglbauer R., Graninger W. et al. Interstitial lung disease in progressive systemic sclerosis: high-resolution CT versus radiography. Radiology 1990; 176: 755—9.</p><p>Kazerooni E.A., Martinez F.J., Flint A. et al. Thin-section CT obtained at 10-mm increments versus limited three-level thin-section CT for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: correlation with pathologic scoring. Am J Roentgenol 1997; 169: 977—83.</p><p>Wells A.U. High-resolution computed tomography and scleroderma lung disease. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2008; 47(Suppl 5): v59—v61.</p><p>Warrick J.H., Bhalla M., Schabel S.I., Silver R.M. High resolution computed tomography in early scleroderma lung disease. J Rheumatol 1991; 18: 1520—8.</p><p>Steen V.D., Conte C., Owens G.R., Medsger T.A. Jr. Severe restrictive lung disease in systemic sclerosis. Arthr Rheum 1994; 37: 1283—9.</p><p>Behr J., Furst D.E. Pulmonary function tests. Rheumatology 2008; 47: v65—v67.</p><p>Steen V.D., Owens G.R., Redmond C. et al. The effect of Dpenicillamine on pulmonary findings in systemic sclerosis. Arthr Rheum 1985; 28(8): 882—8.</p><p>Goh N.S., Veeraraghavan S., Desai S.R. et al. Bronhoalveolar lavage cellular profiles in patients with systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease are not predictive of disease progression. Arthr Rheum 2007; 56: 1005—12.</p><p>Wallaert B., Hatron P.Y., Grosbois J.M. et al. Subclinical pulmonary involvement in collagen-vascular diseases assessed by bronchoalveolar lavage. Am Rev Respir Dis 1986; 133: 574—80.</p><p>Sugiyama Y., Kasahara T., Mukaida N. et al. Chemokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patients with sarcoidosis. Intern Med 1997; 36(12): 856—60.</p><p>Remy-Jardin M., Remy J., Wallaert B. et al. Pulmonary involvement in progressive systemic sclerosis: sequential evaluation with CT, pulmonary function tests, and bronchoalveolar lavage. Radiology 1993; 188(2); 499—506.</p><p>Clements P.J., Golkin J.G., Kleerup E.C. et al. Regional differences in bronchoalveolar lavage and thoracic high-resolution computed tomography results in dyspheic patients with systemic sclerosis. Arthr Rheum 2004; 50: 1909—17.</p><p>Silver R.M., Miller K.S., Kinsella M.B. et al. Evaluation and management of scleroderma lung disease using bronchoalveolar lavage. Am J Med 1990; 88(5): 470—6.</p><p>White B., Moore W.C., Wigley F.M. et al. Cyclophosphamide is associated with pulmonary function and survival benefit in patients with scleroderma and alveolitis. Ann Intern Med 2000; 20132(12): 947—54.</p><p>Witt C., Borges A.C., John M. et al. Pulmonary involvement in diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis: broncheoalveolar fluid granulocytosis predicts progression of fibrosing alveolitis. Ann Rheum Dis 1999; 58: 635—40.</p><p>Strange C., Bolster M.B., Roth M.D. et al. Bronchoalveolar lavage and response to cyclophosphamide in scleroderma interstitial lung disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008; 177: 91—8.</p><p>Rantanen N.W. Disease of the thorax. Vet Clin North Am 1986; 2: 49—66.</p><p>Wernecke K., Galanski M., Peters P.E. et al. Pneumothorax: evaluation by ultrasound, preliminary results. J Thorac Imag 1987; 2: 76—8.</p><p>Kollef M.H. Risk factors for the misdiagnosis of pneumothorax in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 1991; 19: 906—10.</p><p>Targhetta R., Bourgeois J.M., Balmes P. Ultrasonograghic approach to diagnosing hydropneumothorax. Chest 1992; 101: 931—34.</p><p>Lichtenstein D.A., Menu Y. A bedside ultrasound sign ruling out pneumothorax in the critically III: lung Sliding. Chest 1995; 108: 1345—8.</p><p>Lichtenstein D., Meziere G., Biderman P. et al. The comet-tail artifact: an ultrasound sigh of alveolar-interstitial syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 156(5): 1640—46.</p><p>Jambrik Z., Monti S., Coppola V. et al. Usefulness of ultrasound lung comets as a non radiologic sign of extravascular lung water. Am J Cardiol 2004; 93: 1265—70.</p><p>Picano E., Frassi F., Agricola E. et al. Ultrasound lung comets: a clinicaly useful sign of extravascular lung water. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2006; 19: 356—63.</p><p>Volpicelli G., Mussa A., Garofalo G. et al. Bedside lung ultrasound in the assessment of alveolar-interstitial syndrome. Am J Emergency Med 2006; 24: 689—96.</p><p>Gargani L., Frassi F., Soldati G. et al. Ultrasound lung comets for the differential diagnosis of acute cardiogenic dyspnoe: a comparison with natriuretic peptides. Eur J Heart Fail 2008; 10: 70-7.</p><p>Copetti R., Soldati G., Copetti P. Chest sonography: a useful tool to differentiale acute cardiogenic pulmonary oedema from acute respiratory distress syndrome. Cardiovasc Ultrasound 2008; 6: 16.</p><p>Picano E., Vano E., Semelka R., Regulla D. The American College of Radilogy white paper on radiation dose in medicine: deep impact on the practice of cardiovascular imaging. Cardiovasc Ultrasound 2007; 5: 37.</p><p>Price S., Via G., Sloth E. et al. World Interactive Network Focused On Critical UltraSound ECHO-ICU Group. Echocardiography practice, training and accreditation in the intensive care: document for the World Interactive Network Focused On Critical UltraSound (WINFOCUS). Cardiovasc Ultrasound 2008; 6: 49.</p><p>Lichtenstein D.A., Meziere G.A. Relevance of Lung Ultrasound in the Diagnosis of Acute Respiratory Failure: The BLUE protocol. Chest 2008; 134: 117-25.</p><p>Репик В.И. Ультразвуковое исследование в диагностике заболеваний легких и плевры. Мед. визуал. 1996; 1: 39-48.</p><p>Сафонов Д.В., Шахов Б.Е. Ультразвуковая диагностика воспалительных заболеваний легких: Учебное пособие. М.: Видар, 2011.</p><p>Гришин А.М., Алехин М.Н., Ноников В.Е., Сидоренко Б.А. Ультразвуковое исследование для выявления внесосудистой жидкости в легких у пациентов с сердечной недостаточностью и хроническими обструктивными болезнями легких. Ультразвук. функц. диагн. 2010; 2: 58.</p><p>Лучевая диагностика: Учебник. Т.1. Под ред. Г.Е. Труфанова. М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа, 2009; 39-44.</p><p>Avruch L., Cooperberg P.L. The ring-down artifact. J Ultrasound Med 1985; 4(1): 21-8.</p><p>Ziskin M.C., Thickman D.I., Goldenberg N.J. et al. The comet tail artifact. J Ultrasound Med 1982; 1( 1): 1—7.</p><p>Targhetta R., Chavagneux R., Balmes P. et al. Sonographic lung surface evaluation in pulmonary sarcoidosis: preliminary results. J Ultrasound Med 1994; 13: 381-8.</p><p>Bouhemad B., Zhang M., Lu Q., Roubly J.-J. Clinical review: Bedside lung ultrasound in critical care practice. Critical Care 2007; 11: 205.</p><p>Frassi F., Gargani L., Gligorova S. et al. Clinical and echocardiographic determinants of lung comets. Eur J Echocardiography 2007; 8: 474-9.</p><p>Argicola E., Bove T., Oppizzi M. et al. «Ultrasound comet-tail images»: a marker of pulmonary edema: a comparative study with wedge pressure and extravascular lung water. Chest 2005; 127: 1690-5.</p><p>Gargani L., Doveri M., D'Errico L. et al. Ultrasound lung comets in systemic sclerosis: a chest sonography hallmark of pulmonary interstitial fibrosis. Rheumatology 2009; 48(11): 1382-7.</p><p>Lichtenstein D.A., Lascols N., Merziere G., Gepner A. Ultrasound diagnosis of alveolar consolidation in the critically ill. Int Care Med 2004; 30(2): 276-81</p><p>Gorg C. Pleura und Thoraxwand. Lunge. Sonographishe Differenzial diagnose: Lerhatlas zur systematishen Bildanalyse mi tuber 2500 Befundgeispielen. Hrsg Won Gunter Schmidt. Stuttgart - NewYork: Thieme, 2002; 465-507.</p><p>Mathis G. Lungen-und Pleurasonographie. Berlin - Heidelberg - NewYork: Springer-Verlag, 1996; 2 Aus.</p><p>Reissig A., Kroegel C. Transthoracic sonography of diffuse parenchymal lung disease: the role of comet tail artifacts. J Ultrasound Med 2003; 22: 173-80.</p><p>Ovsyannikova O., Koneva O., Korsakova Y. et al. Echographic examination of the lung as a method to assess interstitial lung disease of systemic sclerosis — poster tour. Ann Rheum Dis 2011; 70(Suppl 3): 475.</p><p>Wells A.U., Rubens M.B., du Bois R.M. et al. Serial CT in fibrosing alveolitis: prognostic significance of the initial pattern. Am J Roentgenol 1993; 161: 1159-65.</p><p>Strickland B., Strickland N.H. The value of high definition, narrow section computed tomography in fibrosing alveolitis. Clin Radiol 1988; 39: 589-94.</p><p>Wells A.U., Rubetns M.B., du Bois R.M. et al. Functional impairment in fibrosing alveolitis: relationship to reversible disease on thin section computed tomography. Eur Respir J 1997; 10: 280-5.</p><p>Респираторная медицина: Рук-во. Под ред. акад. РАМН А.Г. Чучалина. М., 2007; 274-7.</p></div><br /><div><p>Гусева Н.Г. Системная склеродермия и псевдосклеродермические синдромы. М.: Медицина, 1993; 75—140.</p><p>Gabrielli A., Avvedimento E.V., Krieg T. Mechanisms of disease scleroderma. N Eng J Med 2009; 360: 1989—2003.</p><p>Steen V.D., Medsger T.A. Severe organ involvement in systemic sclerosis with diffuse scleroderma. Arthr Rheum 2000; 43: 2437—44.</p><p>Steen V.D., Medsger T.A. Changes in causes of death in systemic sclerosis, 1972—2002. Ann Rheum Dis 2007; 66(7): 940—4.</p><p>Launay D., Hubert M., Berezne A. et al. Clinical characteristics and survival in systemic sclerosis-related pulmonary hypertension associated with interstitial lung disease. Chest 2011; 140(4): 1016—24.</p><p>Ананьева Л.П., Теплова Л.В., Лесняк В.Н. и др. Клиническая оценка проявлений интерстициального поражения легких при системной склеродермии по данным компьютерной томографии высокого разрешения. Науч.-практич. ревматол. 2011; 2: 30—9.</p><p>Weaver A.L., Divertie M.B., Titus J.L. Pulmonary scleroderma. Dis Chest 1968; 54(6): 490—8.</p><p>Ferri C., Valentini G., Cozzi F. et al. Systemic Sclerosis Study Group of the Italian Society of Rheumatology (SIR-GSSSc). Systemic sclerosis: demographic, clinical, and serologic features and survival in 1,012 Italian patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 2002; (2): 139—53.</p><p>Steen V.D., Powell D.L., Medsger T.A. Jr. Clinical correlations and prognosis based on serum autoantibodies in patients with systemic sclerosis. Arthr Rheum 1988; 31: 196—203.</p><p>Mathai S.C., Hummers L.K., Champion H.C. et al. Survival in pulmonary hypertension associated with the scleroderma spectrum of disease: impact of interstitial lung disease. Arthr Rheum 2009; 60(2): 569.</p><p>Steen V.D. The lung in systemic sclerosis. J Clin Rheumatol 2005; 11: 40—6.</p><p>Насонова В.А., Астапенко М.Г. Клиническая ревматология. М.: Медицина, 1989; 175—93.</p><p>Desai S.R., Veeraraghavam S., Hansell D.M. et al. CT features of lung disease in patients with systemic fibrosis and nonspecific interstitial pneumonia. Radiology 2004; 232: 560—7.</p><p>Schurawitzki H., Stiglbauer R., Graninger W. et al. Interstitial lung disease in progressive systemic sclerosis: high-resolution CT versus radiography. Radiology 1990; 176: 755—9.</p><p>Kazerooni E.A., Martinez F.J., Flint A. et al. Thin-section CT obtained at 10-mm increments versus limited three-level thin-section CT for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: correlation with pathologic scoring. Am J Roentgenol 1997; 169: 977—83.</p><p>Wells A.U. High-resolution computed tomography and scleroderma lung disease. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2008; 47(Suppl 5): v59—v61.</p><p>Warrick J.H., Bhalla M., Schabel S.I., Silver R.M. High resolution computed tomography in early scleroderma lung disease. J Rheumatol 1991; 18: 1520—8.</p><p>Steen V.D., Conte C., Owens G.R., Medsger T.A. Jr. Severe restrictive lung disease in systemic sclerosis. Arthr Rheum 1994; 37: 1283—9.</p><p>Behr J., Furst D.E. Pulmonary function tests. Rheumatology 2008; 47: v65—v67.</p><p>Steen V.D., Owens G.R., Redmond C. et al. The effect of Dpenicillamine on pulmonary findings in systemic sclerosis. Arthr Rheum 1985; 28(8): 882—8.</p><p>Goh N.S., Veeraraghavan S., Desai S.R. et al. Bronhoalveolar lavage cellular profiles in patients with systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease are not predictive of disease progression. Arthr Rheum 2007; 56: 1005—12.</p><p>Wallaert B., Hatron P.Y., Grosbois J.M. et al. Subclinical pulmonary involvement in collagen-vascular diseases assessed by bronchoalveolar lavage. Am Rev Respir Dis 1986; 133: 574—80.</p><p>Sugiyama Y., Kasahara T., Mukaida N. et al. Chemokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patients with sarcoidosis. Intern Med 1997; 36(12): 856—60.</p><p>Remy-Jardin M., Remy J., Wallaert B. et al. Pulmonary involvement in progressive systemic sclerosis: sequential evaluation with CT, pulmonary function tests, and bronchoalveolar lavage. Radiology 1993; 188(2); 499—506.</p><p>Clements P.J., Golkin J.G., Kleerup E.C. et al. Regional differences in bronchoalveolar lavage and thoracic high-resolution computed tomography results in dyspheic patients with systemic sclerosis. Arthr Rheum 2004; 50: 1909—17.</p><p>Silver R.M., Miller K.S., Kinsella M.B. et al. Evaluation and management of scleroderma lung disease using bronchoalveolar lavage. Am J Med 1990; 88(5): 470—6.</p><p>White B., Moore W.C., Wigley F.M. et al. Cyclophosphamide is associated with pulmonary function and survival benefit in patients with scleroderma and alveolitis. Ann Intern Med 2000; 20132(12): 947—54.</p><p>Witt C., Borges A.C., John M. et al. Pulmonary involvement in diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis: broncheoalveolar fluid granulocytosis predicts progression of fibrosing alveolitis. Ann Rheum Dis 1999; 58: 635—40.</p><p>Strange C., Bolster M.B., Roth M.D. et al. Bronchoalveolar lavage and response to cyclophosphamide in scleroderma interstitial lung disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008; 177: 91—8.</p><p>Rantanen N.W. Disease of the thorax. Vet Clin North Am 1986; 2: 49—66.</p><p>Wernecke K., Galanski M., Peters P.E. et al. Pneumothorax: evaluation by ultrasound, preliminary results. J Thorac Imag 1987; 2: 76—8.</p><p>Kollef M.H. Risk factors for the misdiagnosis of pneumothorax in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 1991; 19: 906—10.</p><p>Targhetta R., Bourgeois J.M., Balmes P. Ultrasonograghic approach to diagnosing hydropneumothorax. Chest 1992; 101: 931—34.</p><p>Lichtenstein D.A., Menu Y. A bedside ultrasound sign ruling out pneumothorax in the critically III: lung Sliding. Chest 1995; 108: 1345—8.</p><p>Lichtenstein D., Meziere G., Biderman P. et al. The comet-tail artifact: an ultrasound sigh of alveolar-interstitial syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 156(5): 1640—46.</p><p>Jambrik Z., Monti S., Coppola V. et al. Usefulness of ultrasound lung comets as a non radiologic sign of extravascular lung water. Am J Cardiol 2004; 93: 1265—70.</p><p>Picano E., Frassi F., Agricola E. et al. Ultrasound lung comets: a clinicaly useful sign of extravascular lung water. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2006; 19: 356—63.</p><p>Volpicelli G., Mussa A., Garofalo G. et al. Bedside lung ultrasound in the assessment of alveolar-interstitial syndrome. Am J Emergency Med 2006; 24: 689—96.</p><p>Gargani L., Frassi F., Soldati G. et al. Ultrasound lung comets for the differential diagnosis of acute cardiogenic dyspnoe: a comparison with natriuretic peptides. Eur J Heart Fail 2008; 10: 70-7.</p><p>Copetti R., Soldati G., Copetti P. Chest sonography: a useful tool to differentiale acute cardiogenic pulmonary oedema from acute respiratory distress syndrome. Cardiovasc Ultrasound 2008; 6: 16.</p><p>Picano E., Vano E., Semelka R., Regulla D. The American College of Radilogy white paper on radiation dose in medicine: deep impact on the practice of cardiovascular imaging. Cardiovasc Ultrasound 2007; 5: 37.</p><p>Price S., Via G., Sloth E. et al. World Interactive Network Focused On Critical UltraSound ECHO-ICU Group. Echocardiography practice, training and accreditation in the intensive care: document for the World Interactive Network Focused On Critical UltraSound (WINFOCUS). Cardiovasc Ultrasound 2008; 6: 49.</p><p>Lichtenstein D.A., Meziere G.A. Relevance of Lung Ultrasound in the Diagnosis of Acute Respiratory Failure: The BLUE protocol. Chest 2008; 134: 117-25.</p><p>Репик В.И. Ультразвуковое исследование в диагностике заболеваний легких и плевры. Мед. визуал. 1996; 1: 39-48.</p><p>Сафонов Д.В., Шахов Б.Е. Ультразвуковая диагностика воспалительных заболеваний легких: Учебное пособие. М.: Видар, 2011.</p><p>Гришин А.М., Алехин М.Н., Ноников В.Е., Сидоренко Б.А. Ультразвуковое исследование для выявления внесосудистой жидкости в легких у пациентов с сердечной недостаточностью и хроническими обструктивными болезнями легких. Ультразвук. функц. диагн. 2010; 2: 58.</p><p>Лучевая диагностика: Учебник. Т.1. Под ред. Г.Е. Труфанова. М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа, 2009; 39-44.</p><p>Avruch L., Cooperberg P.L. The ring-down artifact. J Ultrasound Med 1985; 4(1): 21-8.</p><p>Ziskin M.C., Thickman D.I., Goldenberg N.J. et al. The comet tail artifact. J Ultrasound Med 1982; 1( 1): 1—7.</p><p>Targhetta R., Chavagneux R., Balmes P. et al. Sonographic lung surface evaluation in pulmonary sarcoidosis: preliminary results. J Ultrasound Med 1994; 13: 381-8.</p><p>Bouhemad B., Zhang M., Lu Q., Roubly J.-J. Clinical review: Bedside lung ultrasound in critical care practice. Critical Care 2007; 11: 205.</p><p>Frassi F., Gargani L., Gligorova S. et al. Clinical and echocardiographic determinants of lung comets. Eur J Echocardiography 2007; 8: 474-9.</p><p>Argicola E., Bove T., Oppizzi M. et al. «Ultrasound comet-tail images»: a marker of pulmonary edema: a comparative study with wedge pressure and extravascular lung water. Chest 2005; 127: 1690-5.</p><p>Gargani L., Doveri M., D'Errico L. et al. Ultrasound lung comets in systemic sclerosis: a chest sonography hallmark of pulmonary interstitial fibrosis. Rheumatology 2009; 48(11): 1382-7.</p><p>Lichtenstein D.A., Lascols N., Merziere G., Gepner A. Ultrasound diagnosis of alveolar consolidation in the critically ill. Int Care Med 2004; 30(2): 276-81</p><p>Gorg C. Pleura und Thoraxwand. Lunge. Sonographishe Differenzial diagnose: Lerhatlas zur systematishen Bildanalyse mi tuber 2500 Befundgeispielen. Hrsg Won Gunter Schmidt. Stuttgart - NewYork: Thieme, 2002; 465-507.</p><p>Mathis G. Lungen-und Pleurasonographie. Berlin - Heidelberg - NewYork: Springer-Verlag, 1996; 2 Aus.</p><p>Reissig A., Kroegel C. Transthoracic sonography of diffuse parenchymal lung disease: the role of comet tail artifacts. J Ultrasound Med 2003; 22: 173-80.</p><p>Ovsyannikova O., Koneva O., Korsakova Y. et al. Echographic examination of the lung as a method to assess interstitial lung disease of systemic sclerosis — poster tour. Ann Rheum Dis 2011; 70(Suppl 3): 475.</p><p>Wells A.U., Rubens M.B., du Bois R.M. et al. Serial CT in fibrosing alveolitis: prognostic significance of the initial pattern. Am J Roentgenol 1993; 161: 1159-65.</p><p>Strickland B., Strickland N.H. The value of high definition, narrow section computed tomography in fibrosing alveolitis. Clin Radiol 1988; 39: 589-94.</p><p>Wells A.U., Rubetns M.B., du Bois R.M. et al. Functional impairment in fibrosing alveolitis: relationship to reversible disease on thin section computed tomography. Eur Respir J 1997; 10: 280-5.</p><p>Респираторная медицина: Рук-во. Под ред. акад. РАМН А.Г. Чучалина. М., 2007; 274-7.</p></div><br />
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.