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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rsp</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Научно-практическая ревматология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Rheumatology Science and Practice</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1995-4484</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1995-4492</issn><publisher><publisher-name>IMA-PRESS, LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14412/1995-4484-2016-324-338</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">rsp-2228</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ПРОГРЕСС В РЕВМАТОЛОГИИ В XXI ВЕКЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PROGRESS IN RHEUMATOLOGY IN THE XXI CENTURY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Современные подходы к лабораторной диагностике ревматических заболеваний: роль молекулярных и клеточных биомаркеров</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>CURRENT APPROACHES TO THE LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF RHEUMATIC DISEASES: ROLE OF MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BIOMARKERS</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Александрова</surname><given-names>Е. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Aleksandrova</surname><given-names>E. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 34А</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>34A, Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115522</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Новиков</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Novikov</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 34А</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>34A, Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115522</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Насонов</surname><given-names>Е. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nasonov</surname><given-names>E. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 34А;</p><p>кафедра ревматологии Института профессионального образования,</p><p>119991 Москва, ул. Трубецкая, 8, стр. 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>34A, Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115522,</p><p>Department of Rheumatology, Institute of Professional Education,</p><p>8, Trubetskaya St., Build. 2, Moscow 119991</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБНУ Научно-исследовательский институт ревматологии им. В.А. Насоновой</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>V.A. Nasonova Research Institute of Rheumatology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБНУ Научно-исследовательский институт ревматологии им. В.А. Насоновой;&#13;
ГБОУ ВПО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>V.A. Nasonova Research Institute of Rheumatology;&#13;
I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>20</day><month>07</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>54</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>324</fpage><lpage>338</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Александрова Е.Н., Новиков А.А., Насонов Е.Л., 2016</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Александрова Е.Н., Новиков А.А., Насонов Е.Л.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Aleksandrova E.N., Novikov A.A., Nasonov E.L.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rsp.mediar-press.net/rsp/article/view/2228">https://rsp.mediar-press.net/rsp/article/view/2228</self-uri><abstract><p>Достижения лабораторной медицины начала XXI в., обусловленные разработкой и быстрым внедрением в практику инновационных молекулярно-клеточных технологий, способствовали увеличению диагностической чувствительности и специфичности лабораторных тестов и существенному расширению спектра исследуемых биомаркеров в ревматологии. В последнее десятилетие для определения биомаркеров ревматических заболеваний (РЗ) в крови, синовиальной жидкости, моче, биоптатах синовиальной оболочки, почек и других пораженных тканей применяют высокотехнологичные автоматизированные аналитические системы с использованием как «классических» униплексных методов иммунохимического анализа (непрямая реакция иммунофлюоресценции, иммуноферментный анализ, иммуноблот, иммунодот, иммунонефелометрия, хемилюминесцентный иммунный анализ, радиоиммуноанализ), так и мультиплексных диагностических платформ на основе ДНК-, РНК-, белковых и клеточных микрочипов, полимеразной цепной реакции, проточной цитометрии, масс-спектрометрии.</p><p>Современная генерация молекулярных и клеточных биомаркеров (аутоантитела, острофазовые белки воспаления, цитокины, хемокины, маркеры активации сосудистого эндотелия, иммуноглобулины, компоненты системы комплемента, субпопуляции лимфоцитов, продукты метаболизма костной и хрящевой ткани, внутриклеточные сигнальные молекулы, протеазы, генетические, эпигенетические, транскриптомные маркеры) является важным инструментом для профилактики, ранней диагностики, оценки активности, скорости прогрессирования, клинико-лабораторных субтипов РЗ, прогнозирования эффективности терапии и риска развития нежелательных реакций на фоне лечения.</p><p>Расшифровка ключевых патогенетических механизмов РЗ позволила идентифицировать молекулярные и клеточные биомаркеры, которые могут быть использованы в качестве терапевтических «мишеней». В настоящее время для лечения РЗ успешно применяются генно-инженерные биологические препараты (моноклональные антитела и гибридные белковые молекулы), селективно ингибирующие провоспалительные цитокины и мембранные молекулы, опосредующие патологическую активацию иммунокомпетентных клеток. К альтернативным методам терапии РЗ относится использование низкомолекулярных химически синтезированных препаратов, подавляющих активность тирозинкиназ. Важным направлением терапии РЗ является восстановление иммунологической толерантности и коррекция аутоиммунных нарушений с помощью аутологичных гемопоэтических стволовых клеток, мезенхимальных стромальных клеток, аутологичных толерогенных дендритных клеток, Т- и В-регуляторных клеток, генной терапии, пептидных антигенов. Перспективы лабораторной диагностики РЗ связаны с необходимостью гармонизации и стандартизации современных методов определения аутоантител, поиском и клинической валидацией новых протеомных, транскриптомных и геномных биомаркеров.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Laboratory medicine in the early 21st century has achieved advances due to the development and prompt practical introduction of innovative molecular cell technologies, which have assisted in increasing the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of laboratory tests and in substantially expanding the spectrum of study biomarkers in rheumatology. High-technology automated analytical systems using both classical uniplex methods for immunochemical analysis (indirect immunofluorescence test, enzyme immunoassay, immunoblotting, immunodot assay, immunonephelometry, chemiluminescence immunoassay, and radioimmunoassay) and multiplex diagnostic platforms based on DNA, RNA, protein and cellular microchips, polymerase chain reaction, flow cytometry, and mass spectrometry have been used in the past decade to determine biomarkers of rheumatic diseases (RD) in blood, synovial fluid, urine, biopsy specimens of the synovial membrane, kidney, and other affected tissues.</p><p>Present-day generation of molecular and cellular biomarkers (autoantibodies, acute-phase inflammatory proteins, cytokines, chemokines, vascular endothelial activation markers, immunoglobulins, complement components, lymphocyte subpopulations, osseous and cartilaginous tissue metabolic products, intracellular signaling molecules, proteases, and genetic, epigenetic, and transcriptomic markers) is an important tool for prevention, early diagnosis, assessment of disease activity, progression rate, clinical laboratory subtypes of RD, prediction of the efficiency of therapy and the risk of adverse events during treatment. Deciphering of the key pathogenetic mechanisms of RD could identify the molecular and cellular biomarkers that might be used as therapeutic targets. Biologicals (monoclonal antibodies and hybrid protein molecules) that selectively inhibit proinflammatory cytokines and membrane molecules mediating the pathological activation of immunocompetent cells are successfully used to treat RD today.</p><p>The alternative therapies of RD include the use of low-molecular-weight chemically synthesized agents that suppress the activity of tyrosine kinases. The important area of this therapy is to restore immunological tolerance and to correct autoimmune disorders by means of autologous hematopoietic stem cells, mesenchymal stromal cells, autologous tolerogenic dendritic cells, regulatory T and B cells, gene therapy, and peptide antigens. The prospects for the laboratory diagnosis of RD are associated with the necessity of harmonizing and standardizing the current methods to determine autoantibodies and with the search for and clinical validation of novel proteomic, transcriptomic, and genomic biomarkers.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ревматические заболевания</kwd><kwd>униплексные и мультиплексные методы лабораторной диагностики</kwd><kwd>геномика</kwd><kwd>транскриптомика</kwd><kwd>протеомика</kwd><kwd>молекулярные и клеточные биомаркеры</kwd><kwd>патогенетические</kwd><kwd>диагностические</kwd><kwd>предиктивные</kwd><kwd>прогностические</kwd><kwd>фармакодинамические</kwd><kwd>протективные биомаркеры</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>rheumatic diseases</kwd><kwd>uniplex and multiplex methods for laboratory diagnosis</kwd><kwd>genomics</kwd><kwd>transcriptomics</kwd><kwd>proteomics</kwd><kwd>molecular and cellular biomarkers</kwd><kwd>pathogenetic</kwd><kwd>diagnostic</kwd><kwd>predictive</kwd><kwd>prognostic</kwd><kwd>pharmacodynamics</kwd><kwd>protective biomarkers</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Насонов ЕЛ, Александрова ЕН, Новиков АА. 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