rspНаучно-практическая ревматологияRheumatology Science and Practice1995-44841995-4492IMA-PRESS, LLC10.14412/1995-4484-2020-80-86rsp-2846Research ArticleФОРУМ МОЛОДЫХ УЧЕНЫХYOUNG SCIENTISTS FORUMБолезнь депонирования кристаллов пирофосфата кальция как фактор риска сердечно-сосудистых заболеванийCalcium pyrophosphate crystal deposition disease as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseasesНовиковаА. М.NovikovaA. M.

Александра Михайловна Новикова - младший научный сотрудник лаборатории микрокристаллических артритов.

115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 34А

Aleksandra Novikova

34A, Kashirskoe Shosse, Moscow 115522

aleksandra.novicova@yandex.ruФГБНУ «Научноисследовательский институт ревматологии им. В.А. НасоновойРоссияV.A. Nasonova Research Institute of RheumatologyRussian Federation2020200220205818086Copyright © Новикова А.М., 20202020Новикова А.М.Novikova A.M.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://rsp.mediar-press.net/rsp/article/view/2846

Болезнь депонирования кристаллов пирофосфата кальция (БДПК) — воспалительное заболевание суставов, связанное с патологическим отложением неорганического пирофосфата. Зачастую БДПК ассоциирована с метаболическими нарушениями, такими как гиперпаратиреоз, гемохроматоз, гипомагниемия, гиперфос-фатазия. Важно, что процесс патологической кальцификации может развиваться как в суставах, так и в сосудистой стенке. Предполагается, что отложение кальцификатов в эндотелии, а также характерное для БДПК кристалл-индуцированное хроническое воспаление и сопровождающий его окислительный стресс, а также метаболические нарушения, являющиеся причиной вторичной БДПК, могут значительно повышать риск сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний.

Calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposition disease (CPPD) is an inflammatory joint disease associated with abnormal accumulation of inorganic pyrophosphate. CPPD is frequently associated with metabolic disorders, such as hyperparathyroidism, hemochromatosis, hypomagnesemia, and hyperphosphatasia. It is important that pathological calcification can develop in both the joints and vessel wall. It is assumed that the deposition of calcifications in the endothelium, the crystal-induced chronic inflammation characteristic of CPPD, and its accompanying oxidative stress, as well as metabolic disorders that are a cause of secondary CPPD, can significantly increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases.

болезнь депонирования кристаллов пирофосфата кальцияхондрокальцинозкристаллы пирофосфата кальциясердечно-сосудистые заболеваниявоспалениеcalcium pyrophosphate crystal deposition diseasechondrocalcinosiscalcium pyrophosphate crystalscardiovascular diseasesinflammationОбзор выполнен в рамках фундаментальной научной темы «Разработка методов комплексной терапии заболеваний костно-мышечной системы» (№АААА-А19-11902П90150-6)ReferencesБарскова ВГ, Ильина АЕ, Семенова ЛА и др. Пирофосфатная артропатия ревматологический синдром «айсберга»: время для переоценки значения в патологии суставов. Современная ревматология. 2010;4(2):5-11. doi: 10.14412/1996-7012-2010-595Barskova VG, Ilyina AE, Semenova LA, et al. Pyrophosphate arthropathy is a rheumatolog-ical iceberg syndrome: time to reassess its importance in joint diseases. Sovremennaya Revmatologiya = Modern Rheumatology Journal. 2010;4(2):5-11 (In Russ.). doi: 10.14412/1996-7012-2010-595Kohn NN, Hughes RE, McCarty DJ Jr, Faires JS. The significance of calcium phosphate crystals in the synovial fluid of arthritic patients: the «pseudogout syndrome». II. Identification of crystals. Ann Intern Med. 1962;56:738-45.Kohn NN, Hughes RE, McCarty DJ Jr, Faires JS. The significance of calcium phosphate crystals in the synovial fluid of arthritic patients: the «pseudogout syndrome». II. Identification of crystals. Ann Intern Med. 1962;56:738-45.McCarty DJ. Pseudogout, articular chondrocalcinosis. In: Hollander JL, ed. Arthritis and Allied Conditions. 7th ed. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger; 1966. P. 947-63.McCarty DJ. Pseudogout, articular chondrocalcinosis. In: Hollander JL, ed. Arthritis and Allied Conditions. 7th ed. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger; 1966. P. 947-63.Richette P, Bardin T, Doherty M. An update on the epidemiology of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal deposition disease. Rheumatology. 2009;48(7):711-5. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/kep081Richette P, Bardin T, Doherty M. An update on the epidemiology of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal deposition disease. Rheumatology. 2009;48(7):711-5. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/kep081Ivorra J, Rosas J, Pascual E. Most calcium pyrophosphate crystals appear as non-birefringent. Ann Rheum Dis. 1999;58:582-4. doi: 10.1136/ard.58.9.582Ivorra J, Rosas J, Pascual E. Most calcium pyrophosphate crystals appear as non-birefringent. Ann Rheum Dis. 1999;58:582-4. doi: 10.1136/ard.58.9.582Fuerst M, Bertrand J, Lammers L, et al. Calcification of articular cartilage inhuman osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;60:2694-703. doi: 10.1002/art.24774Fuerst M, Bertrand J, Lammers L, et al. Calcification of articular cartilage inhuman osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;60:2694-703. doi: 10.1002/art.24774Rosenthal AK, Ryan LM. Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease. N Engl J Med. 2016;374(26):2575-84. doi: 10.1056/nejm-ra1511117Rosenthal AK, Ryan LM. Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease. N Engl J Med. 2016;374(26):2575-84. doi: 10.1056/nejm-ra1511117Wilkins E, Dieppe P, Maddison P, Evison G. Osteoarthritis and articular chondrocalcinosis in the elderly. Ann Rheum Dis. 1983;42:280-4. doi: 10.1136/ard.42.3.280Wilkins E, Dieppe P, Maddison P, Evison G. Osteoarthritis and articular chondrocalcinosis in the elderly. Ann Rheum Dis. 1983;42:280-4. doi: 10.1136/ard.42.3.280Masuda I, Ishikawa K. Clinical features of pseudogout attack: a survey of 50 cases. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1988;229:173-81.Masuda I, Ishikawa K. Clinical features of pseudogout attack: a survey of 50 cases. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1988;229:173-81.Abhishek A. Calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease. Curr Opinion Rheum. 2016;28(2):133-9. doi: 10.1097/bor.0000000000000246Abhishek A. Calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease. Curr Opinion Rheum. 2016;28(2):133-9. doi: 10.1097/bor.0000000000000246Shirazian H, Chang EY, Wolfson T, et al. Prevalence of sternoclavicular joint calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal deposition on computed tomography. Clin Imag. 2014;38:380-3. doi: 10.1016/j.clinimag.2014.02.016Shirazian H, Chang EY, Wolfson T, et al. Prevalence of sternoclavicular joint calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal deposition on computed tomography. Clin Imag. 2014;38:380-3. doi: 10.1016/j.clinimag.2014.02.016Filippou G, Adinolfi A, Iagnocco A, at al. Ultrasound in the diagnosis of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition disease. A systematic literature review and a meta-analysis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2016;24(6):973-81. doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2016.01.136Filippou G, Adinolfi A, Iagnocco A, at al. Ultrasound in the diagnosis of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition disease. A systematic literature review and a meta-analysis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2016;24(6):973-81. doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2016.01.136Ryan LM, McCarty DJ. Calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposition disease, pseudogout, and articular chondrocalcinosis. In: Koopman W, ed. Arthritis and Allied Conditions: A textbook of Rheumatology. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins; 1997. P. 2103-26.Ryan LM, McCarty DJ. Calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposition disease, pseudogout, and articular chondrocalcinosis. In: Koopman W, ed. Arthritis and Allied Conditions: A textbook of Rheumatology. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins; 1997. P. 2103-26.Huaux JP, Geubel A, Koch MC, et al. The arthritis of hemochromatosis. A review of 25 cases with special reference to chondrocal-cinosis, and a comparison with patients with primary hyperparathyroidism and controls. Clin Rheumatol. 1986;5:317-24. doi: 10.1007/bf02054248Huaux JP, Geubel A, Koch MC, et al. The arthritis of hemochromatosis. A review of 25 cases with special reference to chondrocal-cinosis, and a comparison with patients with primary hyperparathyroidism and controls. Clin Rheumatol. 1986;5:317-24. doi: 10.1007/bf02054248Yashiro T, Okamoto T, Tanaka R, et al. Prevalence of chondrocal-cinosis in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism in Japan. Endocrinol Jpn. 1991;38:457-64. doi: 10.1507/endocrj1954.38.457Yashiro T, Okamoto T, Tanaka R, et al. Prevalence of chondrocal-cinosis in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism in Japan. Endocrinol Jpn. 1991;38:457-64. doi: 10.1507/endocrj1954.38.457Jones AC, Chuck AJ, Arie EA, et al. Diseases associated with calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1992;22:188-202. doi: 10.1016/0049-0172(92)90019-aJones AC, Chuck AJ, Arie EA, et al. Diseases associated with calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 1992;22:188-202. doi: 10.1016/0049-0172(92)90019-aZhang W, Doherty M, Bardin T, et al. European League Against Rheumatism recommendations for calcium pyrophosphate deposition. Part I: terminology and diagnosis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011;70(4):563-70. doi: 10.1136/ard.2010.139105Zhang W, Doherty M, Bardin T, et al. European League Against Rheumatism recommendations for calcium pyrophosphate deposition. Part I: terminology and diagnosis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011;70(4):563-70. doi: 10.1136/ard.2010.139105Meulenbelt I, Min JL, van Duijn CM, et al. Strong linkage on 2q33.3 to familial early-onset generalized osteoarthritis and a consideration of two positional candidate genes. Eur J Hum Genet. 2006;14(12):1280-7. doi: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201704Meulenbelt I, Min JL, van Duijn CM, et al. Strong linkage on 2q33.3 to familial early-onset generalized osteoarthritis and a consideration of two positional candidate genes. Eur J Hum Genet. 2006;14(12):1280-7. doi: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201704Ramos YF, Bos SD, van der Breggen R, et al. A gain of function mutation in TNFRSF11B encoding osteoprotegerin causes osteoarthritis with chondrocalcinosis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015;74(9):1756-62. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-205149Ramos YF, Bos SD, van der Breggen R, et al. A gain of function mutation in TNFRSF11B encoding osteoprotegerin causes osteoarthritis with chondrocalcinosis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015;74(9):1756-62. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-205149Costello JC, Rosenthal AK, Kurup IV, et al. Parallel regulation of extracellular ATP and inorganic pyrophosphate: roles of growth factors, transduction modulators, and ANK. Connect Tissue Res. 2011;52:139-46. doi: 10.3109/03008207.2010.491928Costello JC, Rosenthal AK, Kurup IV, et al. Parallel regulation of extracellular ATP and inorganic pyrophosphate: roles of growth factors, transduction modulators, and ANK. Connect Tissue Res. 2011;52:139-46. doi: 10.3109/03008207.2010.491928Rosenthal AK, Gohr CM, Mitton-Fitzgerald E, et al. The progressive ankylosis gene product ANK regulates extracellular ATP levels in primary articular chondrocytes. Arthritis Res Ther. 2013;15(5):R154. doi: 10.1186/ar4337Rosenthal AK, Gohr CM, Mitton-Fitzgerald E, et al. The progressive ankylosis gene product ANK regulates extracellular ATP levels in primary articular chondrocytes. Arthritis Res Ther. 2013;15(5):R154. doi: 10.1186/ar4337Kiec-Wilk B, Stolarz-Skrzypek K, Sliwa A, et al. Peripheral blood concentrations of TGF-P1, IGF-1 and bFGF and remodelling of the left ventricle and blood vessels in hypertensive patients. KardiolPol. 2010;68:996-1002.Kiec-Wilk B, Stolarz-Skrzypek K, Sliwa A, et al. Peripheral blood concentrations of TGF-P1, IGF-1 and bFGF and remodelling of the left ventricle and blood vessels in hypertensive patients. KardiolPol. 2010;68:996-1002.Yue Y, Meng K, Pu Y, et al. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-P) mediates cardiac fibrosis and induces diabetic cardiomyopathy. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2017;133:124-30. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2017.08.018Yue Y, Meng K, Pu Y, et al. Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-P) mediates cardiac fibrosis and induces diabetic cardiomyopathy. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2017;133:124-30. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2017.08.018Higashi Y, Gautam S, Delafontaine P, et al. IGF-1 and cardiovascular disease. Growth Horm IGF Res. 2019 Apr;45:6-16. doi: 10.1016/j.ghir.2019.01.002Higashi Y, Gautam S, Delafontaine P, et al. IGF-1 and cardiovascular disease. Growth Horm IGF Res. 2019 Apr;45:6-16. doi: 10.1016/j.ghir.2019.01.002Petit H, Marcellin L, Chatelus E. Lumbar spine chondrocalci-nosis. J Rheumatol. 2017;44(8):1288-9. doi: 10.3899/jrheum.161452Petit H, Marcellin L, Chatelus E. Lumbar spine chondrocalci-nosis. J Rheumatol. 2017;44(8):1288-9. doi: 10.3899/jrheum.161452Abhishek A, Doherty S, Maciewicz R, et al. Association between low cortical bone mineral density, soft-tissue calcification, vascular calcification and chondrocalcinosis: a case-control study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2013;73(11):1997-2002. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-203400Abhishek A, Doherty S, Maciewicz R, et al. Association between low cortical bone mineral density, soft-tissue calcification, vascular calcification and chondrocalcinosis: a case-control study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2013;73(11):1997-2002. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-203400McCarty DJ. Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal deposition disease: nomenclature and diagnostic criteria. Ann Intern Med. 1977;87(2):241-2. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-87-2-240McCarty DJ. Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal deposition disease: nomenclature and diagnostic criteria. Ann Intern Med. 1977;87(2):241-2. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-87-2-240Martinon F, Petrilli V, Mayor A, et al. Gout-associated uric acid crystals activate the NALP3 inflammasome. Nature. 2006;440:237-41 doi: 10.1038/nature04516Martinon F, Petrilli V, Mayor A, et al. Gout-associated uric acid crystals activate the NALP3 inflammasome. Nature. 2006;440:237-41 doi: 10.1038/nature04516Schlee S, Bollheimer LC. Bertsch T, et al. Crystal arthritides -gout and calcium pyrophosphate arthritis. Zeitschrift Fu r Gerontologie UndGeriatrie. 2017;51(4):453-60. doi: 10.1007/s00391-017-1197-3Schlee S, Bollheimer LC. Bertsch T, et al. Crystal arthritides -gout and calcium pyrophosphate arthritis. Zeitschrift Fu r Gerontologie UndGeriatrie. 2017;51(4):453-60. doi: 10.1007/s00391-017-1197-3Sharma AA, Jen R, Kan B, et al. Impaired NLRP3 infammasome activity during fetal development regulates IL-1beta production in human monocytes. Eur J Immunol. 2015;45:238-49. doi: 10.1002/eji.201444707Sharma AA, Jen R, Kan B, et al. Impaired NLRP3 infammasome activity during fetal development regulates IL-1beta production in human monocytes. Eur J Immunol. 2015;45:238-49. doi: 10.1002/eji.201444707Насонов ЕЛ, Елисеев МС. Роль интерлейкина 1 в развитии заболеваний человека. Научно-практическая ревматология. 2016;54(1):60-77. doi: 10.14412/1995-4484-2016-60-77Nasonov EL, Eliseev MS. Role of interleukin 1 in the development of human diseases. Nauchno-Prakticheskaya Revmatologiya = Rheumatology Science and Practice. 2016;54(1):60-77 (In Russ.). doi: 10.14412/1995-4484-2016-60-77Franchi L, Nunez G. Immunology. Orchestrating infammasomes. Science. 2012;337:1299-300. doi: 10.1126/science.1229010Franchi L, Nunez G. Immunology. Orchestrating infammasomes. Science. 2012;337:1299-300. doi: 10.1126/science.1229010Chen GY, Nunez G. Sterile infammation: sensing and reacting to damage. Nat Rev Immunol. 2010;10:826-37. doi: 10.1038/nri2873Chen GY, Nunez G. Sterile infammation: sensing and reacting to damage. Nat Rev Immunol. 2010;10:826-37. doi: 10.1038/nri2873Broz P, Dixit VM. Inflammasomes: mechanism of assembly, regulation and signalling. Nat Rev Immunol. 2016;16(7):407-20. doi: 10.1038/nri.2016.58Broz P, Dixit VM. Inflammasomes: mechanism of assembly, regulation and signalling. Nat Rev Immunol. 2016;16(7):407-20. doi: 10.1038/nri.2016.58Liu D, Zeng X, Li X, et al. Role of NLRP3 inflammasome in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. Basic Res Cardiol. 2017;113(1). doi: 10.1007/s00395-017-0663-9Liu D, Zeng X, Li X, et al. Role of NLRP3 inflammasome in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. Basic Res Cardiol. 2017;113(1). doi: 10.1007/s00395-017-0663-9Насонов ЕЛ, Попкова ТВ. Роль интерлейкина 1 в развитии атеросклероза. Научно-практическая ревматология. 2018;56(Ghbk/ 4):28-34. doi: 10.14412/1995-4484-2018-28-34Nasonov EL, Popkova TV. Role of interleukin 1 in the development of atherosclerosis. Nauchno-Prakticheskaya Revmatologiya = Rheumatology Science and Practice. 2018;56(Suppl. 4):28-34 (In Russ.). doi: 10.14412/1995-4484-2018-28-34Jahng JWS, Song E, Sweeney G. Crosstalk between the heart and peripheral organs in heart failure. Exper Mol Med. 2016;48(3):e217. doi: 10.1038/emm.2016.20Jahng JWS, Song E, Sweeney G. Crosstalk between the heart and peripheral organs in heart failure. Exper Mol Med. 2016;48(3):e217. doi: 10.1038/emm.2016.20Dinarello CA. Interleukin-1 in the pathogenesis and treatment of inflammatory diseases. Blood. 2011;117:3720-32. doi: 10.1182/blood-2010-07-273417Dinarello CA. Interleukin-1 in the pathogenesis and treatment of inflammatory diseases. Blood. 2011;117:3720-32. doi: 10.1182/blood-2010-07-273417Tfelt-Hansen J, Brown EM. The calcium-sensing receptor in normal physiology and pathophysiology: a review. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci. 2005;42:35-70. doi: 10.1080/10408360590886606Tfelt-Hansen J, Brown EM. The calcium-sensing receptor in normal physiology and pathophysiology: a review. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci. 2005;42:35-70. doi: 10.1080/10408360590886606Schmid C, Kiowski W. Hyperparathyroidism in congestive heart failure. Am J Med. 1998;104:508-9.Schmid C, Kiowski W. Hyperparathyroidism in congestive heart failure. Am J Med. 1998;104:508-9.Kamalov G, Deshmukh PA, Baburyan NY, et al. Coupled calcium and zinc dyshomeostasis and oxidative stress in cardiac myocytes and mitochondria of rats with chronic aldosteronism. JCardiovasc Pharmacol. 2009;53:414-23 doi: 10.1097/FJC.0b013e3181a15e77Kamalov G, Deshmukh PA, Baburyan NY, et al. Coupled calcium and zinc dyshomeostasis and oxidative stress in cardiac myocytes and mitochondria of rats with chronic aldosteronism. JCardiovasc Pharmacol. 2009;53:414-23 doi: 10.1097/FJC.0b013e3181a15e77Sugimoto T, Dohi K, Onishi K, et al. Interrelationship between haemodynamic state and serum intact parathyroid hormone levels in patients with chronic heart failure. Heart. 2012;99(2):111-5. doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2012-302779Sugimoto T, Dohi K, Onishi K, et al. Interrelationship between haemodynamic state and serum intact parathyroid hormone levels in patients with chronic heart failure. Heart. 2012;99(2):111-5. doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2012-302779Pilz S, Tomaschitz A, Drechsler C, et al. Parathyroid hormone level is associated with mortality and cardiovascular events in patients undergoing coronary angiography. Eur Heart J. 2010;31(13):1591-8. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehq109Pilz S, Tomaschitz A, Drechsler C, et al. Parathyroid hormone level is associated with mortality and cardiovascular events in patients undergoing coronary angiography. Eur Heart J. 2010;31(13):1591-8. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehq109Tai C, Oh H, Seet J, et al. Pseudogout — a rare manifestation of hungry bone syndrome after focused parathyroidectomy. Ann Royal Coll SurgEngl. 2018;100(5):e106-e108. doi: 10.1308/rcsann.2018.0028Tai C, Oh H, Seet J, et al. Pseudogout — a rare manifestation of hungry bone syndrome after focused parathyroidectomy. Ann Royal Coll SurgEngl. 2018;100(5):e106-e108. doi: 10.1308/rcsann.2018.0028Miura S, Yoshihisa A, Takiguchi M, et al. Association of hypocalcemia with mortality in hospitalized patients with heart failure and chronic kidney disease. J Cardiac Failure. 2015;21(8):621-7. doi: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2015.04.015Miura S, Yoshihisa A, Takiguchi M, et al. Association of hypocalcemia with mortality in hospitalized patients with heart failure and chronic kidney disease. J Cardiac Failure. 2015;21(8):621-7. doi: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2015.04.015Heiland GR, Aigner E, Dallos T, et al. Synovial immunopathology in haemochromatosis arthropathy. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;69(6):1214-9. doi: 10.1136/ard.2009.120204Heiland GR, Aigner E, Dallos T, et al. Synovial immunopathology in haemochromatosis arthropathy. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;69(6):1214-9. doi: 10.1136/ard.2009.120204Dallos T, Sahinbegovic E, Aigner E, et al. Validation of a radiographic scoring system for haemochromatosis arthropathy. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010;69:2145-51. doi: 10.1136/ard.2009122119Dallos T, Sahinbegovic E, Aigner E, et al. Validation of a radiographic scoring system for haemochromatosis arthropathy. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010;69:2145-51. doi: 10.1136/ard.2009122119Salonen JT, Nyysso nen K, Korpela H, et al. High store iron levels are associated with excess risk of myocardial infarction in eastern Finnish men. Circulation. 1992;Sep;86(3):803-11. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.86.3.803Salonen JT, Nyysso nen K, Korpela H, et al. High store iron levels are associated with excess risk of myocardial infarction in eastern Finnish men. Circulation. 1992;Sep;86(3):803-11. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.86.3.803Tuomainen TP, Punnonen K, Nyysso nen K, et al. Association between body iron stores and risk of acute myocardial infarction in men. Circulation. 1998;97:1461-6. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.97.15.1461Tuomainen TP, Punnonen K, Nyysso nen K, et al. Association between body iron stores and risk of acute myocardial infarction in men. Circulation. 1998;97:1461-6. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.97.15.1461Zhu Y, Pandya BJ, Choi HK. Prevalence of gout and hyperuricemia in the US general population: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007-2008. Arthritis Rheum. 2011;63(10):3136-41. doi: 10.1002/art.3052048.Zhu Y, Pandya BJ, Choi HK. Prevalence of gout and hyperuricemia in the US general population: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007-2008. Arthritis Rheum. 2011;63(10):3136-41. doi: 10.1002/art.3052048.Zhu Y, Pandya BJ, Choi HK. Comorbidities of gout and hyperuricemia in the US general population: NHANES 2007-2008. Am J Med. 2012;125:679-87.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2011.09.033Zhu Y, Pandya BJ, Choi HK. Comorbidities of gout and hyperuricemia in the US general population: NHANES 2007-2008. Am J Med. 2012;125:679-87.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2011.09.033Corry DB, Eslami P, Yamamoto K, et al. Uric acid stimulates vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and oxidative stress via the vascular renin-angiotensin system. JHypertens. 2008;26:269-75. doi: 10.1097/HJH.0b013e3282f240bf]Corry DB, Eslami P, Yamamoto K, et al. Uric acid stimulates vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and oxidative stress via the vascular renin-angiotensin system. JHypertens. 2008;26:269-75. doi: 10.1097/HJH.0b013e3282f240bf]Елисеев МС, Насонов ЕЛ. Применение канакинумаба при подагре. Научно-практическая ревматология. 2018;56(Прил. 4):41-8. doi: 10.14412/1995-4484-2018-41-48Eliseev MS, Nasonov EL. Therapy with canakinumab for gout. Nauchno-Prakticheskaya Revmatologiya = Rheumatology Science and Practice. 2018;56(Suppl. 4):41-8 (In Russ.). doi: 10.14412/1995-4484-2018-41-48Cheng TH, Lin JW, Chao HH, et al. Uric acid activates extracellular signalregulated kinases and thereafter endothelin-1 expression in rat cardiac fibroblasts. Int J Cardiol. 2010;139:42-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2008.09.004Cheng TH, Lin JW, Chao HH, et al. Uric acid activates extracellular signalregulated kinases and thereafter endothelin-1 expression in rat cardiac fibroblasts. Int J Cardiol. 2010;139:42-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2008.09.004Rabelink TJ, Luscher TF. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase: host defense enzyme of the endothelium? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2006;26:267-71. doi: 10.1161/01.ATV.0000196554.85799.77Rabelink TJ, Luscher TF. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase: host defense enzyme of the endothelium? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2006;26:267-71. doi: 10.1161/01.ATV.0000196554.85799.77Ellman MH. Chondrocalcinosis and hypomagnesemia. New Engl J Med. 2009;360(1):71. doi: 10.1056/nejmicm050004Ellman MH. Chondrocalcinosis and hypomagnesemia. New Engl J Med. 2009;360(1):71. doi: 10.1056/nejmicm050004Zeng C, Wei J, Terkeltaub R, et al. Dose-response relationship between lower serum magnesium level and higher prevalence of knee chondrocalcinosis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2017;19(1). doi: 10.1186/s13075-017-1450-6Zeng C, Wei J, Terkeltaub R, et al. Dose-response relationship between lower serum magnesium level and higher prevalence of knee chondrocalcinosis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2017;19(1). doi: 10.1186/s13075-017-1450-6Zeng C, Wei J, Li H, et al. Relationship between serum magnesium concentration and radiographic knee osteoarthritis. JRheumatol. 2015;42(7):1231-6. doi: 10.3899/jrheum.141414Zeng C, Wei J, Li H, et al. Relationship between serum magnesium concentration and radiographic knee osteoarthritis. JRheumatol. 2015;42(7):1231-6. doi: 10.3899/jrheum.141414Wei M, Esbaei K, Bargman J, et al. Relationship between serum magnesium, parathyroid hormone, and vascular calcification in patients on dialysis: A literature review. Perit Dial Int. 2006;26:366-73.Wei M, Esbaei K, Bargman J, et al. Relationship between serum magnesium, parathyroid hormone, and vascular calcification in patients on dialysis: A literature review. Perit Dial Int. 2006;26:366-73.Dousdampanis P, Trigka K, Fourtounas C. Hypomagnesemia, chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular mortality: Pronounced association but unproven causation. Hemodial Int. 2014;18(4):730-9. doi: 10.1111/hdi.12159Dousdampanis P, Trigka K, Fourtounas C. Hypomagnesemia, chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular mortality: Pronounced association but unproven causation. Hemodial Int. 2014;18(4):730-9. doi: 10.1111/hdi.12159Tzanakis I, Pras A, Kounali D, et al. Mitral annular calcifications in haemodialysis patients: a possible protective role of magnesium. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1997;12:2036-7. doi: 10.1093/ndt/12.9.2036Tzanakis I, Pras A, Kounali D, et al. Mitral annular calcifications in haemodialysis patients: a possible protective role of magnesium. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1997;12:2036-7. doi: 10.1093/ndt/12.9.2036Ishimura E, Okuno S, Kitatani K, et al. Significant association between the presence of peripheral vascular calcification and lower serum magnesium in hemodialysis patients. Clin Nephrol. 2007;68:222-7. doi: 10.5414/cnp68222Ishimura E, Okuno S, Kitatani K, et al. Significant association between the presence of peripheral vascular calcification and lower serum magnesium in hemodialysis patients. Clin Nephrol. 2007;68:222-7. doi: 10.5414/cnp68222Tzanakis I, Virvidakis K, Tsomi A, et al. Intra- and extracellular magnesium levels and atheromatosis in haemodialysis patients. Magnes Res. 2004;17:102-8.Tzanakis I, Virvidakis K, Tsomi A, et al. Intra- and extracellular magnesium levels and atheromatosis in haemodialysis patients. Magnes Res. 2004;17:102-8.Tamura T, Unagami K, Okazaki M, et al. Serum magnesium levels and mortality in Japanese maintenance hemodialysis patients. BloodPurif. 2019;47 Suppl 2:88-94. doi: 10.1159/000496659. Epub 2019 Apr 3.Tamura T, Unagami K, Okazaki M, et al. Serum magnesium levels and mortality in Japanese maintenance hemodialysis patients. BloodPurif. 2019;47 Suppl 2:88-94. doi: 10.1159/000496659. Epub 2019 Apr 3.Pham PC, Pham PA, Pham S, et al. Hypomagnesemia: a clinical perspective. Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis. 2014;219. doi: 10.2147/ijnrd.s42054Pham PC, Pham PA, Pham S, et al. Hypomagnesemia: a clinical perspective. Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis. 2014;219. doi: 10.2147/ijnrd.s42054Allgrove J. Physiology of calcium, phosphate, magnesium and vitamin D. In: Allgrove J, Shaw NJ, eds. Calcium and Bone Disorders in Children and Adolescents. 2nd, revised edition. Endocr Dev. Basel: Karger; 2015. Vol. 28. P. 7-32. doi: 10.1159/000380990Allgrove J. Physiology of calcium, phosphate, magnesium and vitamin D. In: Allgrove J, Shaw NJ, eds. Calcium and Bone Disorders in Children and Adolescents. 2nd, revised edition. Endocr Dev. Basel: Karger; 2015. Vol. 28. P. 7-32. doi: 10.1159/000380990Shapiro JR, Lewiecki EM. Hypophosphatasia in adults: clinical assessment and treatment considerations. J Bone Mineral Res. 2017;32(10):1977-80. doi: 10.1002/jbmr.3226Shapiro JR, Lewiecki EM. Hypophosphatasia in adults: clinical assessment and treatment considerations. J Bone Mineral Res. 2017;32(10):1977-80. doi: 10.1002/jbmr.3226Berkseth KE, Tebben PJ, Drake MT, et al. Clinical spectrum of hypophosphatasia diagnosed in adults. Bone. 2013;54(1):21-7. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2013.01.024Berkseth KE, Tebben PJ, Drake MT, et al. Clinical spectrum of hypophosphatasia diagnosed in adults. Bone. 2013;54(1):21-7. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2013.01.024Vliegenthart RM, Oudkerk A, Hofman HH, et al. Coronary calcification improves cardiovascular risk prediction in the elderly. Circulation. 2005;112(4):572-7. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONA-HA.104.488916Vliegenthart RM, Oudkerk A, Hofman HH, et al. Coronary calcification improves cardiovascular risk prediction in the elderly. Circulation. 2005;112(4):572-7. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONA-HA.104.488916Bessueille L, Magne D. Inflammation: a culprit for vascular calcification in atherosclerosis and diabetes. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2015;72:2475-89. doi: 10.1007/s00018-015-1876-4Bessueille L, Magne D. Inflammation: a culprit for vascular calcification in atherosclerosis and diabetes. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2015;72:2475-89. doi: 10.1007/s00018-015-1876-4Bessueille L, Fakhry M, Hamade E, et al. Glucose stimulates chondrocyte differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells and calcification: A possible role for IL-1p. FEBSLett. 2015;589(19 PartB):2797-804. doi: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.07.045Bessueille L, Fakhry M, Hamade E, et al. Glucose stimulates chondrocyte differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells and calcification: A possible role for IL-1p. FEBSLett. 2015;589(19 PartB):2797-804. doi: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.07.045Елисеев МС, Желябина ОВ, Чикина МН, Новикова АМ. Факторы риска сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний у пациентов с болезнью депонирования кристаллов пирофосфата кальция. Научно-практическая ревматология. 2019;57(5):545-52 doi: 10.14412/1995-4484-2019-545-552Eliseev MS, Zhelyabina OV, Chikina MN, Novikova AM. Cardiovascular risk factors in patients with calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposition disease. Nauchno-Prakticheskaya Revmatologiya = Rheumatology Science and Practice. 2019;57(5):545-52(In Russ.). doi: 10.14412/1995-4484-2019-545-552

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.