<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rsp</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Научно-практическая ревматология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Rheumatology Science and Practice</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1995-4484</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1995-4492</issn><publisher><publisher-name>IMA-PRESS, LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47360/1995-4484-2020-489-494</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">rsp-2951</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL RESEARCH</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Оценка риска развития сахарного диабета 2-го типа у больных системной красной волчанкой c помощью опросника FINDRISC</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Type II diabetes mellitus risk assessment using FINDRISC questionnaire in systemic lupus erythematosus patients</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1147-5936</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кондратьева</surname><given-names>Л. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kondratieva</surname><given-names>L. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кондратьева Любовь Валерьевна</p><p>115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, д. 34аТелефон: 8(905)5868031 </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Kondrateva Liubov</p><p>115522, Moscow, Kashirskoe highway, 34A</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kondratyeva.liubov@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5793-4689</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Попкова</surname><given-names>Т. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Popkova</surname><given-names>T. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, д. 34а</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>115522, Moscow, Kashirskoe highway, 34A</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт ревматологии им. В.А. Насоновой»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>V.A. Nasonova Research Institute of Rheumatology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>09</day><month>11</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>58</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>489</fpage><lpage>494</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Кондратьева Л.В., Попкова Т.В., 2020</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Кондратьева Л.В., Попкова Т.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kondratieva L.V., Popkova T.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rsp.mediar-press.net/rsp/article/view/2951">https://rsp.mediar-press.net/rsp/article/view/2951</self-uri><abstract><p>Цель исследования – изучить распространенность традиционных факторов риска у больных системной красной волчанкой, определить 10-летний риск развития сахарного диабета 2-го типа и выявить пациентов, нуждающихся в проведении профилактики нарушений углеводного обмена, с помощью опросника Finnish Type 2 Diabetes Risk Score.</p><sec><title>Материал и методы</title><p>Материал и методы. В исследование включены 119 больных системной красной волчанкой (107 женщин, 12 мужчин). Медиана возраста пациентов составила 39 [33; 47] лет, длительности заболевания – 6 [1; 12] лет. В контрольную группу включены 100 человек, сходных по полу и возрасту с больными системной красной волчанкой, но без иммуновоспалительных ревматических заболеваний, а также без сахарного диабета в анамнезе. Риск развития в последующие 10 лет диабета 2-го типа у пациентов с системной красной волчанкой и в контрольной группе оценивали по российской версии опросника Finnish Type 2 Diabetes Risk Score. У всех больных системной красной волчанкой исследовали уровень глюкозы в венозной крови натощак. Концентрацию глюкозы ≥6,1 ммоль/л расценивали как гипергликемию натощак.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Распространенность традиционных факторов риска развития сахарного диабета 2-го типа при системной красной волчанке была следующей: абдоминальное ожирение выявлено у 63,9% пациентов, недостаточная физическая активность – у 62,2%, прием гипотензивных препаратов – у 52,9%, индекс массы тела ≥25 кг/м2 – у 42,0%, несбалансированное питание – у 40,3%, сахарный диабет у родственников – у 35,3%, возраст старше 45 лет – у 32,8%, эпизоды гипергликемии в анамнезе – у 15,1%. Абдоминальное ожирение и прием гипотензивных препаратов чаще встречались у больных системной красной волчанкой, частота других факторов риска при ревматическом заболевании и в контрольной группе оказалась сопоставима. У каждого пациента с системной красной волчанкой в среднем зарегистрировано 3 [2; 5] фактора риска. Пациенты с системной красной волчанкой имели низкий риск развития сахарного диабета 2-го типа реже, чем представители контрольной группы (36,1 и 51%, р&lt;0,05). Проведение первичной профилактики сахарного диабета 2-го типа, рекомендуемое при наличии «умеренного», «высокого» и «очень высокого» риска, чаще было показано больным системной красной волчанкой, чем представителям контрольной группы (29,4 и 17,0%, р=0,03), в том числе в возрасте младше 45 лет (18,3 и 6,1% соответственно, р=0,05). Гипергликемия натощак обнаружена у 1,2% пациентов с «низким»/«слегка повышенным» риском сахарного диабета 2-го типа и у 16,1% лиц с «умеренным», «высоким» и «очень высоким» риском (p=0,04).</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы. Продемонстрирована высокая распространенность при системной красной волчанке таких традиционных факторов риска, как абдоминальное ожирение, недостаточная физическая активность и прием гипотензивных препаратов. С помощью опросника Finnish Type 2 Diabetes Risk Score выявлено, что 29,4% пациентов относятся к группам «умеренного», «высокого» и «очень высокого» риска развития сахарного диабета 2-го типа в последующие 10 лет жизни и нуждаются в проведении профилактики нарушений углеводного обмена.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective. To evaluate the prevalence of traditional risk factors in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients, assess the 10-years risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) in SLE patients and identify those necessitating preventive interventions following altered glucose metabolism using the Finnish Type 2 Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISK) questionnaire.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. The study included 119 SLE patients (107 women, 12 men, with median age 39 [33; 47] years and mean disease duration 6 [1,12] years.The control group included 100 age and sex matched individuals without immune-mediated inflammatory rheumatic diseases and without previous DM history. The 10-years risk of developing type 2 DM in SLE patients and the controls assessed using the Russian adaptation of Finnish Type 2 Diabetes Risk Score questionnaire. Fasting glucose levels in venous blood were measured in all SLE patients. Glucose levels ≥6.1 mmol/L were interpreted as fasting hyperglycemia.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The prevalence of traditional type 2 DM risk factors in SLE patients was as follows: abdominal obesity was found in 63.9%, lack of physical activity – in 62.2%, intake of antihypertensive drugs— in 52.9%, BMI ≥25 kg/m2 in 42.0%, unhealthy diets – in 40.3%, family history of DM – in 35.3%, age over 45 years – in 32.8%, history of hyperglycemia episodes – in 15.1%. Abdominal obesity and intake of antihypertensive drugs were more often documented in SLE patients, while all other risk factors were equally represented in SLE and control groups. On average 3 [2; 5] risk factors were found in each SLE patient. Low type 2 DM risk was a more rare phenomenon in SLE patients vs healthy controls (36.1 and 51%, р&lt;0.05). Primary type 2 DM prophylaxis recommended in case of moderate, high and very high risk was more often indicated in SLE vs the healthy controls (29.4 and 17.0%, р=0.03), including those younger than 45 years (18.3 and 6.1% respectively, р=0.05). Fasting hyperglycemia was found in 1.2% patients with low-slightly increased type 2 DM risk and in 16.1% individuals with moderate, high and very high risk (p=0.04).</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions. High prevalence of such traditional type 2 DM risk factors as abdominal obesity, lack of physical activity and intake of antihypertensive drugs was demonstrated in SLE patients. Finnish Type 2 Diabetes Risk Score questionnaire identified moderate, high and very high 10-year risk of developing type 2DM in 29.4% SLE patients, necessitating prophylactic interventions in view of altered glucose metabolism.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>системная красная волчанка</kwd><kwd>сахарный диабет 2-го типа</kwd><kwd>факторы риска</kwd><kwd>ожирение</kwd><kwd>опросник</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>systemic lupus erythematosus</kwd><kwd>type 2 diabetes mellitus</kwd><kwd>risk factors</kwd><kwd>obesity</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование проводилось в рамках научной фундаментальной темы № 393 «Разработка методов персонифицированной терапии ревматических заболеваний с коморбидной патологией», утвержденной Ученым советом Федерального государственного бюджетного научного учреждения «Научно-исследовательский институт ревматологии им. В.А. Насоновой» (Рег. № НИОКТР АААА-А19-119021190151-3).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gladman D., Ginzler E., Goldsmith C., et al. The development and initial validation of the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American Collegge of Rheumatology (SLICC/ACR) Damage Index for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 1996;39(3):363–369. DOI: 10.1002/art.1780390303</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gladman D., Ginzler E., Goldsmith C., et al. The development and initial validation of the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American Collegge of Rheumatology (SLICC/ACR) Damage Index for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 1996;39(3):363–369. DOI: 10.1002/art.1780390303</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Асеева Е.А., Соловьев С.К., Клюквина Н.Г. и др. Необратимые органные повреждения в когорте пациентов с системной красной волчанкой (РЕНЕССАНС). Научнопрактическая ревматология. 2016;54(4):404–411. DOI: 10.14412/1995-4484-2016-404-411</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aseeva E.A., Solovyev S.K., Klyukvina N.G., et al. Irreversible organ damages in a cohort of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (RENAISSANCE). Nauchno-prakticheskaya revmatologiya = Rheumatology Science and Practice. 2016;54(4):40411 (In Russ.). DOI: 10.14412/1995-4484-2016-404-411</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lindström J., Tuomilehto J. The diabetes risk score: a practical tool to predict type 2 diabetes risk. Diabetes Care. 2003:26(3):725–731. DOI: 10.2337/diacare.26.3.725</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lindström J., Tuomilehto J. The diabetes risk score: a practical tool to predict type 2 diabetes risk. Diabetes Care. 2003:26(3):725–731. DOI: 10.2337/diacare.26.3.725</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кондратьева Л.В., Попкова Т.В., Насонов Е.Л. Оценка риска развития сахарного диабета 2 типа у больных ревматоидным артритом c помощью шкалы FINDRISС. Научнопрактическая ревматология. 2017;55(5):504–508. DOI: 10.14412/1995-4484-2017-504-508</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kondratyeva L.V., Popkova T.V., Nasonov E.L. Type 2 diabetes mellitus risk assessment using FINDRISC in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Nauchno-prakticheskaya revmatologiya = Rheumatology Science and Practice. 2017;55(5):504–508 (In Russ.). DOI: 10.14412/1995-4484-2017-504-508</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tan E.M., Cohen A.S., Fries J.F., et al. The 1982 revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 1982;25(11):1271–1277. DOI: 10.1002/art.1780251101</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tan E.M., Cohen A.S., Fries J.F., et al. The 1982 revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 1982;25(11):1271–1277. DOI: 10.1002/art.1780251101</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hochberg M.C. Updating the American College of Rheumatology revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 1997;40(9):1725. DOI: 10.1002/art.1780400928</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hochberg M.C. Updating the American College of Rheumatology revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 1997;40(9):1725. DOI: 10.1002/art.1780400928</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Petri M., Orbai A.M., Alarcón G.S., et al. Derivation and Validation of the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics Classification Criteria for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64(8):2677–2686. DOI: 10.1002/art.34473</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Petri M., Orbai A.M., Alarcón G.S., et al. Derivation and Validation of the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics Classification Criteria for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64(8):2677–2686. DOI: 10.1002/art.34473</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gladman D.D., Ibañez D., Urowitz M.B. Systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index 2000. J Rheumatol. 2002;29:288–291.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gladman D.D., Ibañez D., Urowitz M.B. Systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index 2000. J Rheumatol. 2002;29:288–291.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ревматология: Клинические рекомендации. Под ред. Е.Л. Насонова. 2-е изд. М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа; 2010:752.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rheumatology. Сlinical guidelines. Edited by Nasonov E.L. 2nd edition. Moscow: GEOTAR-Media; 2010:752. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дедов И.И., Шестакова М.В., Майоров А.Ю. и др. Алгоритмы специализированной медицинской помощи больным сахарным диабетом. Под ред. И.И. Дедова, М.В. Шестаковой, А.Ю. Майорова. 9-й выпуск. Сахарный диабет. 2019;22(1S1):1–144. DOI: 10.14341/DM221S1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dedov I.I., Shestakova M.V., Mayorov A.Y., et al. Standards of specialized diabetes care. Ed. by Dedov I.I., Shestakova M.V., Mayorov A.Yu. 9th edition. Diabetes mellitus. 2019;22(1S1):1–144 (In Russ.). DOI: 10.14341/DM221S1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dregan A., Chowienczyk P., Molokhia M. Cardiovascular and type 2 diabetes morbidity and all-cause mortality among diverse chronic inflammatory disorders. Heart. 2017;103(23):1867–1873. DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2017-311214</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dregan A., Chowienczyk P., Molokhia M. Cardiovascular and type 2 diabetes morbidity and all-cause mortality among diverse chronic inflammatory disorders. Heart. 2017;103(23):1867–1873. DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2017-311214</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tselios K., Gladman D.D., Su J., et al. Evolution of Risk Factors for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Events in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Longterm Prospective Study. J Rheumatol. 2017;44(12):1841–1849. DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.161121</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tselios K., Gladman D.D., Su J., et al. Evolution of Risk Factors for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Events in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Longterm Prospective Study. J Rheumatol. 2017;44(12):1841–1849. DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.161121</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Costenbader K.H., Wright E., Liang M.H., Karlson E.W. Cardiac risk factor awareness and management in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;51(6):983–988. DOI: 10.1002/art.20824</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Costenbader K.H., Wright E., Liang M.H., Karlson E.W. Cardiac risk factor awareness and management in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;51(6):983–988. DOI: 10.1002/art.20824</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fernández-Garcés M., Haro G., Micó M.L. Predisposing factors to nonfatal cardiovascular events in women with systemic lupus erythematosus. An observational, cross-sectional, multicenter study in Spain from the risk/systemic lupus erythematosus thematic network. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019;98(43):e17489. DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000017489</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fernández-Garcés M., Haro G., Micó M.L. Predisposing factors to nonfatal cardiovascular events in women with systemic lupus erythematosus. An observational, cross-sectional, multicenter study in Spain from the risk/systemic lupus erythematosus thematic network. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019;98(43):e17489. DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000017489</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jiang M.Y., Hwang J.C., Feng I.J. Impact of Diabetes Mellitus on the Risk of End-Stage Renal Disease in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):6008. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24529-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jiang M.Y., Hwang J.C., Feng I.J. Impact of Diabetes Mellitus on the Risk of End-Stage Renal Disease in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):6008. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24529-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cortes S., Chambers S., Jerónimo A., Isenberg D. Diabetes mellitus complicating systemic lupus erythematosus–analysis of the UCL lupus cohort and review of the literature. Lupus. 2008;17:977–980. DOI: 10.1177/0961203308091539</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cortes S., Chambers S., Jerónimo A., Isenberg D. Diabetes mellitus complicating systemic lupus erythematosus–analysis of the UCL lupus cohort and review of the literature. Lupus. 2008;17:977–980. DOI: 10.1177/0961203308091539</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hallajzadeh J., Khoramdad M., Izadi N., et al. The association between metabolic syndrome and its components with systemic lupus erythematosus: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Lupus. 2018:961203317751047. DOI: 10.1177/0961203317751047</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hallajzadeh J., Khoramdad M., Izadi N., et al. The association between metabolic syndrome and its components with systemic lupus erythematosus: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Lupus. 2018:961203317751047. DOI: 10.1177/0961203317751047</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Попкова Т.В., Новикова Д.С., Герасимова Е.В. и др. Метаболический синдром у больных системной красной волчанкой. Научно-практическая ревматология. 2008;46(4):14–20. DOI: 10.14412/19954484-2008-530</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Popkova T.V., Novikova D.S., Gerasimova E.V., et al. Metabolic syndrome in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Nauchno-prakticheskaya revmatologiya = Rheumatology Science and Practice. 2008;46(4):14–20 (In Russ.). DOI: 10.14412/19954484-2008-530</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Legge A., Blanchard C., Hanly J.G. Physical activity, sedentary behaviour and their associations with cardiovascular risk in systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2019. PII: kez429. DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kez429</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Legge A., Blanchard C., Hanly J.G. Physical activity, sedentary behaviour and their associations with cardiovascular risk in systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2019. PII: kez429. DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kez429</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Munguia-Realpozo P., Mendoza-Pinto C., Sierra Benito C., et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus and hypertension. Autoimmun Rev. 2019;18(10):102371. DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2019.102371</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Munguia-Realpozo P., Mendoza-Pinto C., Sierra Benito C., et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus and hypertension. Autoimmun Rev. 2019;18(10):102371. DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2019.102371</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Панафидина Т.А., Попкова Т.В., Алекберова З.С. и др. Значение факторов риска и С-реактивного белка в развитии атеросклероза у женщин с системной красной волчанкой. Клиническая медицина. 2006;84(10):49–54.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Panafldina T.A., Popkova T.V., Alekberova Z.S., et al. The significance of cardiovascular risk factors and C-reactive protein to the development of atherosclerosis in women with systemic lupus erythematosus. Klinicheskaya meditsina = Clinical medicine. 2006; 84(10):49–54 (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chung C.P., Oeser A., Solus J.F., et al. Inflammation-associated insulin resistance: differential effects in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus define potential mechanisms. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;58(7):2105–2112. DOI: 10.1002/art.23600</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chung C.P., Oeser A., Solus J.F., et al. Inflammation-associated insulin resistance: differential effects in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus define potential mechanisms. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;58(7):2105–2112. DOI: 10.1002/art.23600</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Katz P., Gregorich S., Yazdany J., et al. Obesity and its measurement in a community-based sample of women with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2011;63(2):261–268.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Katz P., Gregorich S., Yazdany J., et al. Obesity and its measurement in a community-based sample of women with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2011;63(2):261–268.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Borges M.C., dos Santos F. de M., Telles R.W., et al. Nutritional status and food intake in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Nutrition.2012;28(11–12):1098–1103. DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2012.01.015</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Borges M.C., dos Santos F. de M., Telles R.W., et al. Nutritional status and food intake in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Nutrition.2012;28(11–12):1098–1103. DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2012.01.015</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Versini M., Jeandel P.-Y., Rosenthal E., Shoenfeld Y. Obesity in autoimmune diseases: Not a passive bystander. Autoimmunity Reviews, 2014;13(9):981–1000. DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2014.07.001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Versini M., Jeandel P.-Y., Rosenthal E., Shoenfeld Y. Obesity in autoimmune diseases: Not a passive bystander. Autoimmunity Reviews, 2014;13(9):981–1000. DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2014.07.001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sylvetsky A.C., Edelstein S.L., Walford G., et al. Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. A High-Carbohydrate, High-Fiber, Low-Fat Diet Results in Weight Loss among Adults at High Risk of Type 2 Diabetes. J Nutr. 2017;147(11):2060–2066. DOI: 10.3945/jn.117.252395</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sylvetsky A.C., Edelstein S.L., Walford G., et al. Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. A High-Carbohydrate, High-Fiber, Low-Fat Diet Results in Weight Loss among Adults at High Risk of Type 2 Diabetes. J Nutr. 2017;147(11):2060–2066. DOI: 10.3945/jn.117.252395</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Elkan A.C., Anania C., Gustafsson T., et al. Diet and fatty acid pattern among patients with SLE: associations with disease activity, blood lipids and atherosclerosis. Lupus. 2012;21(13):14051411. DOI: 10.1177/0961203312458471</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Elkan A.C., Anania C., Gustafsson T., et al. Diet and fatty acid pattern among patients with SLE: associations with disease activity, blood lipids and atherosclerosis. Lupus. 2012;21(13):14051411. DOI: 10.1177/0961203312458471</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pocovi-Gerardino G., Correa-Rodríguez M., Callejas-Rubio J.L., et al. Dietary intake and nutritional status in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Endocrinol Diabetes Nutr. 2018;65(9):533–539. DOI: 10.1016/j.endinu.2018.05.009</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pocovi-Gerardino G., Correa-Rodríguez M., Callejas-Rubio J.L., et al. Dietary intake and nutritional status in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Endocrinol Diabetes Nutr. 2018;65(9):533–539. DOI: 10.1016/j.endinu.2018.05.009</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Miyake C.N.H., Gualano B., Dantas W.S., et al. Increased insulin resistance and glucagon levels in mild/inactive systemic lupus patients despite normal glucose tolerance. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2018;70(1):114–124. DOI: 10.1002/acr.23237</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Miyake C.N.H., Gualano B., Dantas W.S., et al. Increased insulin resistance and glucagon levels in mild/inactive systemic lupus patients despite normal glucose tolerance. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2018;70(1):114–124. DOI: 10.1002/acr.23237</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">El Magadmi M., Ahmad Y., Turkie W., et al. Hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, and circulating oxidized low density lipoprotein in women with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol. 2006;33(1):50–56.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">El Magadmi M., Ahmad Y., Turkie W., et al. Hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, and circulating oxidized low density lipoprotein in women with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol. 2006;33(1):50–56.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
