<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rsp</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Научно-практическая ревматология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Rheumatology Science and Practice</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1995-4484</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1995-4492</issn><publisher><publisher-name>IMA-PRESS, LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47360/1995-4484-2023-751-757</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">rsp-3480</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL RESEARCH</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Антитела к карбамилированным белкам у АЦЦП-негативных и АЦЦП-позитивных пациентов с ревматоидным артритом</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Anti-carbamylated protein antibodies in ACCP-negative and ACCP-positive patients with rheumatoid arthritis</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3183-0464</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дибров</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Dibrov</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Дибров Данил Алексеевич.</p><p>115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 34а</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Danil A. Dibrov.</p><p>115522, Moscow, Kashirskoye Highway, 34A</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dibrovd995@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3057-9175</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Авдеева</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Avdeeva</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 34а</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anastasia S. Avdeeva.</p><p>115522, Moscow, Kashirskoye Highway, 34A</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6404-0042</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Диатроптов</surname><given-names>М. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Diatroptov</surname><given-names>M. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 34а</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Mikhail E. Diatroptov.</p><p>115522, Moscow, Kashirskoye Highway, 34A</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1598-8360</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Насонов</surname><given-names>Е. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nasonov</surname><given-names>E. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 34а; 119991, Москва, ул. Трубецкая, 8, стр. 2</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Evgeny L. Nasonov.</p><p>115522, Moscow, Kashirskoye Highway, 34A; 119991, Moscow, Trubetskaya str., 8, building 2</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт ревматологии им. В.А. Насоновой»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>V.A. Nasonova Research Institute of Rheumatology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт ревматологии им. В.А. Насоновой»; ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет)</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>V.A. Nasonova Research Institute of Rheumatology; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health Care of Russian Federation (Sechenov University)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>01</day><month>01</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>61</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>751</fpage><lpage>757</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Дибров Д.А., Авдеева А.С., Диатроптов М.Е., Насонов Е.Л., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Дибров Д.А., Авдеева А.С., Диатроптов М.Е., Насонов Е.Л.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Dibrov D.A., Avdeeva A.S., Diatroptov M.E., Nasonov E.L.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rsp.mediar-press.net/rsp/article/view/3480">https://rsp.mediar-press.net/rsp/article/view/3480</self-uri><abstract><p>Цель исследования – оценить уровень антител к карбамилированным белкам (анти-Карб) и проанализировать клинико-иммунологические ассоциации у пациентов с АЦЦП-негативным и АЦЦП-позитивным вариантами ревматоидного артрита.</p><sec><title>Материал и методы</title><p>Материал и методы. В исследование были включены 150 пациентов с достоверным диагнозом ревматоидного артрита и 25 человек в качестве здорового контроля. Были включены 75 АЦЦП-позитивных (АЦЦП(+)) и 75 АЦЦП-негативных (АЦЦП(–)) пациентов. Активность ревматоидного артрита (РА) оценивалась по индексу DAS28 (Disease Activity Score 28). Определение антител к карбамилированным белкам проводилось методом иммуноферментного анализа (BlueGene Biotech, Китай). Количественное определение антител к циклическому цитруллинсодержащему пептиду (АЦЦП) в сыворотке крови проводили методом иммуноферментного анализа с помощью коммерческого набора реагентов (AxisShield, Великобритания; верхняя граница нормы – 5,0 Ед/мл; Orgentec, Германия; верхняя граница нормы – 20,0 Ед/мл).</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Медиана (Me) анти-Карб у пациентов с РА составила 126,2 [100,83; 157,41] нг/мл и была статистически значимо выше (p&lt;0,001), чем в группе контроля – 88,89 [70,53; 107,75] нг/мл. Среди всех пациентов с РА анти-Карб-позитивными (анти-Карб(+)) были 50 (33,3%), в группе АЦЦП(+) пациентов – 22 (29,3%), в группе АЦЦП(–) пациентов – 28 (37,3%), а из здорового контроля – 1 (2%) доброволец (p=0,002). При проведении ROC-анализа с целью оценки диагностической значимости анти-Карб для РА для всех пациентов с РА площадь под кривой составила 0,783±0,047 (95% ДИ: 0,691–0,874; p&lt;0,001); при точке cut-off 143 нг/мл специфичность – 96%, чувствительность – 36,7%.</p><p>В группе АЦЦП(+) РА у анти-Карб(+) пациентов счет эрозий был статистически значимо выше (p=0,044), чем у анти-Карб(–). В группе АЦЦП(–) РА выявлена слабая прямая корреляционная связь между анти-Карб и DAS28.</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы. Изучена предсказательная ценность анти-Карб в качестве вспомогательного биомаркера при АЦЦП(+) и АЦЦП(–) субтипах РА. У АЦЦП(+), анти-Карб(+) пациентов регистрировался более «эрозивный» субтип заболевания, чем у АЦЦП(+), анти-Карб(–). Среди АЦЦП(–) пациентов определение анти-Карб помогает уменьшить количество серонегативных форм. Необходимо проведение дальнейших исследований для определения оптимальных стандартов лабораторной диагностики анти-Карб и уточнения диагностических возможностей этих антител в рамках дифференциальной диагностики артрита при других ревматических заболеваниях.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective. Assess the level of antibodies to carbamylated proteins (anti-CarP) and analyse the clinical and immunological associations in patients with ACCP-negative and ACCP-positive variants of rheumatoid arthritis.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. 150 patients with a reliable diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis and 25 patients as healthy controls were included in the study. Depending on ACCP values, two groups of patients were recruited: ACCP-positive (n=75) and ACCP-negative (n=75). RA activity was assessed by the DAS28 (Disease Activity Score 28) index. Determination of antibodies to carbamylated proteins was performed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (BlueGene Biotech, China). Quantitative determination of ACCP in serum was performed by enzyme immunoassay using a commercial reagent kit (AxisShield, UK; upper limit of normal 5.0 U/ml; Orgentec, Germany; upper limit of normal 20.0 U/ml).</p></sec><sec><title>Results and discussion</title><p>Results and discussion. Me for anti-CarP in patients with RA was 126.2 [100.83; 157.41] ng/ml and was statistically significantly higher (p&lt;0.001) than healthy controls 88.89 [70.53; 107.75] ng/ml. Among all patients with RA, 50 (33.3%) were anti-Carp positive, 22 (29.3%) were anti-Carp(+) in the ACCP(+) group, 28 (37.3%) in the ACCP(–) group, and 1 (2%) volunteer from healthy controls (p=0.002). In ROC analysis to assess the diagnostic significance of anti-Carp for RA for all patients with RA, the area under the curve was 0.783±0.047 (95% CI: 0.691–0.874; p&lt;0.001), with a cut-off point of 143 ng/ml, specificity 96%, sensitivity 36.7%.</p><p>In the ACCP(+) RA group, the erosion count was statistically significantly higher (p=0.044) in anti-CarP(+) patients than in anti-CarP(–) patients. A weak direct correlation between anti-CarP and DAS28 was found in the ACCP(–) RA group.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. We studied the predictive value of anti-CarP as an adjuvant biomarker in ACCP(+) and ACCP(–) subtypes of RA. ACCP(+), anti-CarP(+) patients have a more “erosive” subtype of the disease than ACCP(+), anti-CarP(–) patients. In ACCP(+) patients, anti-CarP helps to identify a more erosive subtype of the disease, and among ACCP(–) patients, it helps to reduce the proportion of seronegative patients. Further studies are needed to determine the optimal standards for the laboratory diagnosis of anti-CarP and to clarify the diagnostic potential of these antibodies as part of the differential diagnosis of arthritis in other rheumatic diseases.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>антитела к карбамилированным белкам</kwd><kwd>анти-Карб</kwd><kwd>ревматоидный артрит</kwd><kwd>АЦЦП-негативный ревматоидный артрит</kwd><kwd>серонегативный ревматоидный артрит</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>anti-carbamylated protein antibodies</kwd><kwd>anti-CarP</kwd><kwd>rheumatoid arthritis</kwd><kwd>ACCP-negative rheumatoid arthritis</kwd><kwd>seronegative rheumatoid arthritis</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена за счет средств бюджетного финансирования на выполнение государственного задания по теме «Изучение иммунопатологии, диагностики и терапии на ранних стадиях системных ревматических заболеваний» (номер государственного задания № 1021051402790-6).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Smolen JS, Aletaha D, Barton A, Burmester GR, Emery P, Firestein GS, et al. Rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2018;4:18001. doi: 10.1038/nrdp.2018.1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smolen JS, Aletaha D, Barton A, Burmester GR, Emery P, Firestein GS, et al. Rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2018;4:18001. doi: 10.1038/nrdp.2018.1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дибров ДА. Новые лабораторные биомаркеры ревматоидного артрита. Научно-практическая ревматология. 2021;59(2):201-207. doi: 10.47360/1995-4484-2021-201-207</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dibrov DA. New laboratory biomarkers of rheumatoid arthritis. Nauchno-Prakticheskaya Revmatologia = Rheumatology Science and Practice. 2021;59(2):201-207 (In Russ.). doi: 10.47360/1995-4484-2021-201-207</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shi J, van Veelen PA, Mahler M, Janssen GM, Drijfhout JW, Huizinga TW, et al. Carbamylation and antibodies against carbamylated proteins in autoimmunity and other pathologies. Autoimmun Rev. 2014;13(3):225-230. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2013.10.008</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shi J, van Veelen PA, Mahler M, Janssen GM, Drijfhout JW, Huizinga TW, et al. Carbamylation and antibodies against carbamylated proteins in autoimmunity and other pathologies. Autoimmun Rev. 2014;13(3):225-230. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2013.10.008</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang Z, Nicholls SJ, Rodriguez ER, Kummu O, Hörkkö S, Barnard J, et al. Protein carbamylation links inflammation, smoking, uremia and atherogenesis. Nat Med. 2007;13(10):1176-1184. doi: 10.1038/nm1637</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang Z, Nicholls SJ, Rodriguez ER, Kummu O, Hörkkö S, Barnard J, et al. Protein carbamylation links inflammation, smoking, uremia and atherogenesis. Nat Med. 2007;13(10):1176-1184. doi: 10.1038/nm1637</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mydel P, Wang Z, Brisslert M, Hellvard A, Dahlberg LE, Hazen SL, et al. Carbamylation-dependent activation of T cells: A novel mechanism in the pathogenesis of autoimmune arthritis. J Immunol. 2010;184(12):6882-6890. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000075</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mydel P, Wang Z, Brisslert M, Hellvard A, Dahlberg LE, Hazen SL, et al. Carbamylation-dependent activation of T cells: A novel mechanism in the pathogenesis of autoimmune arthritis. J Immunol. 2010;184(12):6882-6890. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000075</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">O’Neil LJ, Oliveira CB, Wang X, Navarrete M, Barrera-Vargas A, Merayo-Chalico J, et al. Neutrophil extracellular trap-associated carbamylation and histones trigger osteoclast formation in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2023;82(5):630-638. doi: 10.1136/ard-2022-223568</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">O’Neil LJ, Oliveira CB, Wang X, Navarrete M, Barrera-Vargas A, Merayo-Chalico J, et al. Neutrophil extracellular trap-associated carbamylation and histones trigger osteoclast formation in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2023;82(5):630-638. doi: 10.1136/ard-2022-223568</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li X, Wang Z, Yi H, Xie J, Zhu N. Diagnostic accuracy of anticarbamylated protein antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Lab. 2019;65(12). doi: 10.7754/Clin.Lab.2019.190419</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li X, Wang Z, Yi H, Xie J, Zhu N. Diagnostic accuracy of anticarbamylated protein antibodies in rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Lab. 2019;65(12). doi: 10.7754/Clin.Lab.2019.190419</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кузнецова ПА, Маслянский АЛ, Лапин СВ, Мазинг АВ, Бэнг Х, Мазуров ВИ. Антитела к различным посттрансляционным модификациям виментина у больных ревматоидным артритом. Современная ревматология. 2017;11(3):44-49. doi: 10/14412/1996-7012-2017-3-44-49</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kuznetsova PA, Maslyanskiy AL, Lapin SV, Mazing AV, Bang H, Mazurov VI. Antibodies against post-translationally modified vimentin peptides in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Modern Rheumatology Journal. 2017;11(3):44-49 (In Russ.). doi: 10/14412/1996-7012-2017-3-44-49</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brink M, Verheul MK, Rönnelid J, Berglin E, Holmdahl R, Toes RE, et al. Anti-carbamylated protein antibodies in the presymptomatic phase of rheumatoid arthritis, their relationship with multiple anti-citrulline peptide antibodies and association with radiological damage. Arthritis Res Ther. 2015;17(1):25. doi: 10.1186/s13075-015-0536-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brink M, Verheul MK, Rönnelid J, Berglin E, Holmdahl R, Toes RE, et al. Anti-carbamylated protein antibodies in the presymptomatic phase of rheumatoid arthritis, their relationship with multiple anti-citrulline peptide antibodies and association with radiological damage. Arthritis Res Ther. 2015;17(1):25. doi: 10.1186/s13075-015-0536-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jiang X, Trouw LA, van Wesemael TJ, Shi J, Bengtsson C, Källberg H, et al. Anti-CarP antibodies in two large cohorts of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and their relationship to genetic risk factors, cigarette smoking and other autoantibodies. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014;73(10):1761-1768. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-205109</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jiang X, Trouw LA, van Wesemael TJ, Shi J, Bengtsson C, Källberg H, et al. Anti-CarP antibodies in two large cohorts of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and their relationship to genetic risk factors, cigarette smoking and other autoantibodies. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014;73(10):1761-1768. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-205109</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ajeganova S, van Steenbergen HW, Verheul MK, Forslind K, Hafström I, Toes RE, et al. The association between anti-carbamylated protein (anti-CarP) antibodies and radiographic progression in early rheumatoid arthritis: A study exploring replication and the added value to ACPA and rheumatoid factor. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017;76(1):112-118. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2015-208870</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ajeganova S, van Steenbergen HW, Verheul MK, Forslind K, Hafström I, Toes RE, et al. The association between anti-carbamylated protein (anti-CarP) antibodies and radiographic progression in early rheumatoid arthritis: A study exploring replication and the added value to ACPA and rheumatoid factor. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017;76(1):112-118. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2015-208870</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Truchetet ME, Dublanc S, Barnetche T, Vittecoq O, Mariette X, Richez C, et al.; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire ACRONIM. Association of the presence of anti-carbamylated protein antibodies in early arthritis with a poorer clinical and radiologic outcome: Data from the French ESPOIR cohort. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2017;69(12):2292-2302. doi: 10.1002/art.40237</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Truchetet ME, Dublanc S, Barnetche T, Vittecoq O, Mariette X, Richez C, et al.; Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire ACRONIM. Association of the presence of anti-carbamylated protein antibodies in early arthritis with a poorer clinical and radiologic outcome: Data from the French ESPOIR cohort. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2017;69(12):2292-2302. doi: 10.1002/art.40237</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kolarz B, Ciesla M, Rosenthal AK, Dryglewska M, Majdan M. The value of anti-CarP and anti-PAD4 as markers of rheumatoid arthritis in ACPA/RF negative rheumatoid arthritis patients. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. 2021;13:1759720X21989868. doi: 10.1177/1759720X21989868</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kolarz B, Ciesla M, Rosenthal AK, Dryglewska M, Majdan M. The value of anti-CarP and anti-PAD4 as markers of rheumatoid arthritis in ACPA/RF negative rheumatoid arthritis patients. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis. 2021;13:1759720X21989868. doi: 10.1177/1759720X21989868</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shi J, van de Stadt LA, Levarht EW, Huizinga TW, Hamann D, van Schaardenburg D, et al. Anti-carbamylated protein (anti-CarP) antibodies precede the onset of rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014;73(4):780-783. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-204154</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shi J, van de Stadt LA, Levarht EW, Huizinga TW, Hamann D, van Schaardenburg D, et al. Anti-carbamylated protein (anti-CarP) antibodies precede the onset of rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014;73(4):780-783. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-204154</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Verheul MK, Böhringer S, van Delft MAM, Jones JD, Rigby WFC, Gan RW, et al. Triple positivity for anti-citrullinated protein autoantibodies, rheumatoid factor, and anti-carbamylated protein antibodies conferring high specificity for rheumatoid arthritis: Implications for Very Early Identification of at-risk individuals. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2018;70(11):1721-1731. doi: 10.1002/art.40562</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Verheul MK, Böhringer S, van Delft MAM, Jones JD, Rigby WFC, Gan RW, et al. Triple positivity for anti-citrullinated protein autoantibodies, rheumatoid factor, and anti-carbamylated protein antibodies conferring high specificity for rheumatoid arthritis: Implications for Very Early Identification of at-risk individuals. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2018;70(11):1721-1731. doi: 10.1002/art.40562</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sidiras P, Spruyt D, Gangji V, Imbault V, Sokolova T, Durez P, et al. Antibodies against carbamylated proteins: Prevalence and associated disease characteristics in Belgian patients with rheumatoid arthritis or other rheumatic diseases. Scand J Rheumatol. 2021;50(2): 118-123. doi: 10.1080/03009742.2020.1798500</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sidiras P, Spruyt D, Gangji V, Imbault V, Sokolova T, Durez P, et al. Antibodies against carbamylated proteins: Prevalence and associated disease characteristics in Belgian patients with rheumatoid arthritis or other rheumatic diseases. Scand J Rheumatol. 2021;50(2): 118-123. doi: 10.1080/03009742.2020.1798500</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang B, Lei Y, Li X, Gao Z, Xia L, Lu J, et al. Elevated levels of anti-carbamylated protein antibody in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: association with disease activity and bone destruction. J Investig Med. 2020;68(6):1186-1192. doi: 10.1136/jim-2019-001249</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang B, Lei Y, Li X, Gao Z, Xia L, Lu J, et al. Elevated levels of anti-carbamylated protein antibody in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: association with disease activity and bone destruction. J Investig Med. 2020;68(6):1186-1192. doi: 10.1136/jim-2019-001249</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Elsayed SA, Esmail MA, Ali RM, Mohafez OM. Diagnostic and prognostic value of anti-CarP antibodies in a sample of Egyptian rheumatoid arthritis patients. Clin Rheumatol. 2019;38(10):2683-2689. doi: 10.1007/s10067-019-04616-z</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Elsayed SA, Esmail MA, Ali RM, Mohafez OM. Diagnostic and prognostic value of anti-CarP antibodies in a sample of Egyptian rheumatoid arthritis patients. Clin Rheumatol. 2019;38(10):2683-2689. doi: 10.1007/s10067-019-04616-z</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhu H, Zhao LJ, Zhou Y, Chen Y. [Significance of anti-carbamylated protein antibodies in patients with rheumatoid arthritis-associated intersitial lung disease]. Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2019;51(6):1003-1007 (In Chinese). doi: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167X.2019.06.004</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhu H, Zhao LJ, Zhou Y, Chen Y. [Significance of anti-carbamylated protein antibodies in patients with rheumatoid arthritis-associated intersitial lung disease]. Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2019;51(6):1003-1007 (In Chinese). doi: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167X.2019.06.004</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Castellanos-Moreira R, Rodríguez-García SC, Gomara MJ, Ruiz-Esquide V, Cuervo A, Casafont-Solé I, et al. Anti-carbamylated proteins antibody repertoire in rheumatoid arthritis: Evidence of a new autoantibody linked to interstitial lung disease. Ann Rheum Dis. 2020;79(5):587-594. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2019-216709</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Castellanos-Moreira R, Rodríguez-García SC, Gomara MJ, Ruiz-Esquide V, Cuervo A, Casafont-Solé I, et al. Anti-carbamylated proteins antibody repertoire in rheumatoid arthritis: Evidence of a new autoantibody linked to interstitial lung disease. Ann Rheum Dis. 2020;79(5):587-594. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2019-216709</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vidal-Bralo L, Perez-Pampin E, Regueiro C, Montes A, Varela R, Boveda MD. Anti-carbamylated protein autoantibodies associated with mortality in Spanish rheumatoid arthritis patients. PLoS One. 2017;12(7):e0180144. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180144</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vidal-Bralo L, Perez-Pampin E, Regueiro C, Montes A, Varela R, Boveda MD. Anti-carbamylated protein autoantibodies associated with mortality in Spanish rheumatoid arthritis patients. PLoS One. 2017;12(7):e0180144. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180144</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Prevoo ML, van’t Hof MA, Kuper HH, van Leeuwen MA, van de Putte LB, van Riel PL. Modified disease activity scores that include twenty-eight-joint counts. Development and validation in a prospective longitudinal study of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1995;38(1):44-48. doi: 10.1002/art.1780380107</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Prevoo ML, van’t Hof MA, Kuper HH, van Leeuwen MA, van de Putte LB, van Riel PL. Modified disease activity scores that include twenty-eight-joint counts. Development and validation in a prospective longitudinal study of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1995;38(1):44-48. doi: 10.1002/art.1780380107</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ziegelasch M, van Delft MA, Wallin P, Skogh T, Magro-Checa C, Steup-Beekman GM, et al. Antibodies against carbamylated proteins and cyclic citrullinated peptides in systemic lupus erythematosus: Results from two well-defined European cohorts. Arthritis Res Ther. 2016;18(1):289. doi: 10.1186/s13075-016-1192-x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ziegelasch M, van Delft MA, Wallin P, Skogh T, Magro-Checa C, Steup-Beekman GM, et al. Antibodies against carbamylated proteins and cyclic citrullinated peptides in systemic lupus erythematosus: Results from two well-defined European cohorts. Arthritis Res Ther. 2016;18(1):289. doi: 10.1186/s13075-016-1192-x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nakabo S, Yoshifuji H, Hashimoto M, Imura Y, Nakashima R, Murakami K, et al. Anti-carbamylated protein antibodies are detectable in various connective tissue diseases. J Rheumatol. 2017;44(9):1384-1388. doi: 10.3899/jrheum.161432</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nakabo S, Yoshifuji H, Hashimoto M, Imura Y, Nakashima R, Murakami K, et al. Anti-carbamylated protein antibodies are detectable in various connective tissue diseases. J Rheumatol. 2017;44(9):1384-1388. doi: 10.3899/jrheum.161432</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pecani A, Alessandri C, Spinelli FR, Priori R, Riccieri V, Di Franco M, et al. Prevalence, sensitivity and specificity of antibodies against carbamylated proteins in a monocentric cohort of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Arthritis Res Ther. 2016;18(1):276. doi: 10.1186/s13075-016-1173-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pecani A, Alessandri C, Spinelli FR, Priori R, Riccieri V, Di Franco M, et al. Prevalence, sensitivity and specificity of antibodies against carbamylated proteins in a monocentric cohort of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Arthritis Res Ther. 2016;18(1):276. doi: 10.1186/s13075-016-1173-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bergum B, Koro C, Delaleu N, Solheim M, Hellvard A, Binder V, et al. Antibodies against carbamylated proteins are present in primary Sjögren’s syndrome and are associated with disease severity. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016;75(8):1494-1500. doi: 10.1136/annrheum-dis-2015-207751</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bergum B, Koro C, Delaleu N, Solheim M, Hellvard A, Binder V, et al. Antibodies against carbamylated proteins are present in primary Sjögren’s syndrome and are associated with disease severity. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016;75(8):1494-1500. doi: 10.1136/annrheum-dis-2015-207751</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Насонов ЕЛ, Авдеева АС, Дибров ДА. Ревматоидный артрит как клинико-иммунологический синдром: фокус на серонегативный субтип заболевания. Научно-практическая ревматология. 2023;61(3):276-291 doi: 10.47360/1995-4484-2023-276-291</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nasonov EL, Avdeeva AS, Dibrov DA. Rheumatoid arthritis as a clinical and immunological syndrome: Focus on the seronegative subtype of the disease. Nauchno-Prakticheskaya Revmatologia = Rheumatology Science and Practice. 2023;61(3):276-291 (In Russ.). doi: 10.47360/1995-4484-2023-276-291</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reed E, Hedström AK, Hansson M, Mathsson-Alm L, Brynedal B, Saevarsdottir S, et al. Presence of autoantibodies in “seronegative” rheumatoid arthritis associates with classical risk factors and high disease activity. Arthritis Res Ther. 2020;22(1):170. doi: 10.1186/s13075-020-02191-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reed E, Hedström AK, Hansson M, Mathsson-Alm L, Brynedal B, Saevarsdottir S, et al. Presence of autoantibodies in “seronegative” rheumatoid arthritis associates with classical risk factors and high disease activity. Arthritis Res Ther. 2020;22(1):170. doi: 10.1186/s13075-020-02191-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
