rspНаучно-практическая ревматологияRheumatology Science and Practice1995-44841995-4492IMA-PRESS, LLC10.47360/1995-4484-2023-678-688rsp-3484Research ArticleОБЗОРЫ И ЛЕКЦИИREVIEWS AND LECTURESНеполная системная красная волчанка. Собственное наблюдение и обзор литературыIncomplete systemic lupus erythematosus. Own observation and literature reviewhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1053-6952ПанафидинаТ. А.PanafidinaT. A.

Панафидина Татьяна Александровна.

115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 34а

Tatiana A. Panafidina.

115522, Moscow, Kashirskoye Highway, 34A

panafidina@inbox.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-5793-4689ПопковаТ. В.PopkovaT. V.

115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 34а

Tatiana V. Popkova.

115522, Moscow, Kashirskoye Highway, 34A

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6068-3080ЛилаА. М.LilaA. M.

115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 34а; 125993, Москва, ул. Баррикадная, 2/1, стр. 1

Alexander M. Lila.

115522, Moscow, Kashirskoye Highway, 34A; 125993, Moscow, Barrikadnaya str., 2/1, building 1

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1598-8360НасоновЕ. Л.NasonovE. L.

115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 34а; 119991, Москва, ул. Трубецкая, 8, стр. 2

Evgeny L. Nasonov.

115522, Moscow, Kashirskoye Highway, 34A; 119991, Moscow, Trubetskaya str., 8, building 2

ФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт ревматологии им. В.А. Насоновой»РоссияV.A. Nasonova Research Institute of RheumatologyRussian FederationФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт ревматологии им. В.А. Насоновой»; ФГБОУ ДПО «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Минздрава РоссииРоссияV.A. Nasonova Research Institute of Rheumatology; Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian FederationRussian FederationФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт ревматологии им. В.А. Насоновой»; ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет)РоссияV.A. Nasonova Research Institute of Rheumatology; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health Care of Russian Federation (Sechenov University)Russian Federation202301012024616678688Copyright © Панафидина Т.А., Попкова Т.В., Лила А.М., Насонов Е.Л., 20242024Панафидина Т.А., Попкова Т.В., Лила А.М., Насонов Е.Л.Panafidina T.A., Popkova T.V., Lila A.M., Nasonov E.L.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://rsp.mediar-press.net/rsp/article/view/3484

Термин «неполная» системная красная волчанка (СКВн) отражает состояние, которое не соответствует существующим критериям определенной (достоверной) системной красной волчанки (СКВ), поскольку у больного выявляется неполное количество признаков, специфичных для данной болезни. «Волчаночные» аутоантитела появляются у пациентов за годы до постановки диагноза, а наиболее частые клинические симптомы имеют неспецифический характер и некоторое время могут быть единственным проявлением болезни. Постепенное ее прогрессирование приводит к развитию «достоверной» СКВ у 5–57 % пациентов с СКВн в течение 1–10 лет. В настоящее время отсутствуют рекомендации по мониторингу и терапии пациентов с СКВн. В статье представлены собственные результаты и анализ данных литературы, касающихся клинических и патогенетических проблем СКВн.

The term of “incomplete” systemic lupus erythematosus (iSLE) is used when patients have typical clinical and immunological signs of lupus without fulfilling the classification criteria for SLE. Autoantibodies appear in patients years before diagnosis, and the most common clinical manifestations are nonspecific and may be the only symptom of the disease for some time. Progression to definite SLE occurs in 5–57% of patients with iSLE within 1–10 years. There are currently no recommendations for monitoring and treatment of iSLE patients. This article presents the results of our own research and literature analysis on clinical and pathogenetic problems of iSLE.

неполная СКВклинические проявленияиммунологические нарушениятерапиягидроксихлорохинincomplete SLEclinical manifestationsimmunological disorderstherapyhydroxychloroquineНастоящее исследование выполнено в рамках фундаментальной темы «Изучение иммунопатологии, диагностики и терапии на ранних стадиях системных ревматических заболеваний» (1021051402790-6).ReferencesKaul A, Gordon C, Crow MK, Touma Z, Urowitz MB, van Vollenhoven R, et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2016;2:16039. doi: 10.1038/nrdp.2016.39Kaul A, Gordon C, Crow MK, Touma Z, Urowitz MB, van Vollenhoven R, et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2016;2:16039. doi: 10.1038/nrdp.2016.39Costenbader KH, Schur PH. We need better classification and terminology for “people at high risk of or in the process of developing lupus”. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2015;67(5):593-596. doi: 10.1002/acr.22484Costenbader KH, Schur PH. We need better classification and terminology for “people at high risk of or in the process of developing lupus”. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2015;67(5):593-596. doi: 10.1002/acr.22484Lambers WM, Westra J, Bootsma H, de Leeuw K. From incomplete to complete systemic lupus erythematosus; A review of the predictive serological immune markers. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2021;51(1):43-48. doi: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2020.11.006Lambers WM, Westra J, Bootsma H, de Leeuw K. From incomplete to complete systemic lupus erythematosus; A review of the predictive serological immune markers. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2021;51(1):43-48. doi: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2020.11.006Насонов ЕЛ, Попкова ТВ, Панафидина ТА. Проблемы ранней диагностики системной красной волчанки в период пандемии COVID-19. Научно-практическая ревматология. 2021;59(2):119-128. doi: 10.47360/1995-4484-2021-119-128Nasonov EL, Popkova TV, Panafidina TA. Problems of early diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus during the COVID-19 pandemic. Nauchno-Prakticheskaya Revmatologia = Rheumatology Science and Practice. 2021;59(2):119-128 (In Russ.). doi: 10.47360/1995-4484-2021-119-128Лила ВА, Мазуров ВИ, Лила АМ. «Неполная» системная красная волчанка в реальной клинической практике: трудности диагностики. Терапия. 2022;2(54):86-95. doi: 10.18565/therapy.2022.2.86-95Lila VA, Mazurov VI, Lila AM. «Incomplete» systemic lupus erythematosus in real clinical practice: Difficulties of diagnosis. Therapy. 2022;2(54):86-95 (In Russ.). doi: 10.18565/therapy.2022.2.86-95Arbuckle MR, McClain MT, Rubertone MV, Scofield RH, Dennis GJ, James JA, et al. Development of autoantibodies before the clinical onset of systemic lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med. 2003;349(16):1526-1533. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa021933Arbuckle MR, McClain MT, Rubertone MV, Scofield RH, Dennis GJ, James JA, et al. Development of autoantibodies before the clinical onset of systemic lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med. 2003;349(16):1526-1533. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa021933Eriksson C, Kokkonen H, Johansson M, Hallmans G, Wadell G, Rantapää-Dahlqvist S. Autoantibodies predate the onset of systemic lupus erythematosus in northern Sweden. Arthritis Res Ther. 2011;13(1):R30. doi: 10.1186/ar3258Eriksson C, Kokkonen H, Johansson M, Hallmans G, Wadell G, Rantapää-Dahlqvist S. Autoantibodies predate the onset of systemic lupus erythematosus in northern Sweden. Arthritis Res Ther. 2011;13(1):R30. doi: 10.1186/ar3258Lambers WM, Westra J, Jonkman MF, Bootsma H, de Leeuw K. Incomplete systemic lupus erythematosus: What remains after application of American College of Rheumatology and Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics criteria? Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2020;72(5):607-614. doi: 10.1002/acr.23894Lambers WM, Westra J, Jonkman MF, Bootsma H, de Leeuw K. Incomplete systemic lupus erythematosus: What remains after application of American College of Rheumatology and Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics criteria? Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2020;72(5):607-614. doi: 10.1002/acr.23894Tan EM, Cohen AS, Fries JF, Masi AT, McShane DJ, Rothfield NF, et al. The 1982 revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 1982;25(11):1271-1277. doi: 10.1002/art.1780251101Tan EM, Cohen AS, Fries JF, Masi AT, McShane DJ, Rothfield NF, et al. The 1982 revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 1982;25(11):1271-1277. doi: 10.1002/art.1780251101Hochberg MC. Updating the American College of Rheumatology revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 1997;40(9):1725. doi: 10.1002/art.1780400928Hochberg MC. Updating the American College of Rheumatology revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 1997;40(9):1725. doi: 10.1002/art.1780400928Petri M, Orbai AM, Alarcón GS, Gordon C, Merrill JT, Fortin PR, et al. Derivation and validation of the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics classification criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64(8):2677-2686. doi: 10.1002/art.34473Petri M, Orbai AM, Alarcón GS, Gordon C, Merrill JT, Fortin PR, et al. Derivation and validation of the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics classification criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64(8):2677-2686. doi: 10.1002/art.34473Gladman DD, Ibanez D, Urowitz MB. Systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index 2000. J Rheumatol. 2002;29:288-291.Gladman DD, Ibanez D, Urowitz MB. Systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index 2000. J Rheumatol. 2002;29:288-291.Gladman DD, Goldsmith CH, Urowitz MB, Bacon P, Fortin P, Ginzler E, et al. The Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology (SLICC/ACR) Damage Index for systemic lupus erythematosus international comparison. J Rheumatol. 2000;27(2):373-376.Gladman DD, Goldsmith CH, Urowitz MB, Bacon P, Fortin P, Ginzler E, et al. The Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology (SLICC/ACR) Damage Index for systemic lupus erythematosus international comparison. J Rheumatol. 2000;27(2):373-376.Miyakis S, Lockshin MD, Atsumi T, Branch DW, Brey RL, Cervera R, et al. International consensus statement on an update of the classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). J Thromb Haemost. 2006;4(2):295-306. doi: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2006.01753.xMiyakis S, Lockshin MD, Atsumi T, Branch DW, Brey RL, Cervera R, et al. International consensus statement on an update of the classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). J Thromb Haemost. 2006;4(2):295-306. doi: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2006.01753.xSciascia S, Roccatello D, Radin M, Parodis I, Yazdany J, Pons-Estel G, et al. Differentiating between UCTD and early-stage SLE: From definitions to clinical approach. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2022;18(1):9-21. doi: 10.1038/s41584-021-00710-2Sciascia S, Roccatello D, Radin M, Parodis I, Yazdany J, Pons-Estel G, et al. Differentiating between UCTD and early-stage SLE: From definitions to clinical approach. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2022;18(1):9-21. doi: 10.1038/s41584-021-00710-2Greer JM, Panush RS. Incomplete lupus erythematosus. Arch Intern Med. 1989;149(11):2473-2476.Greer JM, Panush RS. Incomplete lupus erythematosus. Arch Intern Med. 1989;149(11):2473-2476.Swaak AJ, van de Brink H, Smeenk RJ, Manger K, Kalden JR, Tosi S, et al.; Study group on incomplete SLE and SLE with disease duration longer than 10 years. Incomplete lupus erythematosus: results of a multicentre study under the supervision of the EULAR Standing Committee on International Clinical Studies Including Therapeutic Trials (ESCISIT). Rheumatology (Oxford). 2001;40(1):89-94. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/40.1.89Swaak AJ, van de Brink H, Smeenk RJ, Manger K, Kalden JR, Tosi S, et al.; Study group on incomplete SLE and SLE with disease duration longer than 10 years. Incomplete lupus erythematosus: results of a multicentre study under the supervision of the EULAR Standing Committee on International Clinical Studies Including Therapeutic Trials (ESCISIT). Rheumatology (Oxford). 2001;40(1):89-94. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/40.1.89Stahl-Hallengren CS, Nived O, Sturfelt G. Outcome of incomplete systemic lupus erythematosus after 10 years. Lupus. 2004;13(2):85-88. doi: 10.1191/0961203304lu477oaStahl-Hallengren CS, Nived O, Sturfelt G. Outcome of incomplete systemic lupus erythematosus after 10 years. Lupus. 2004;13(2):85-88. doi: 10.1191/0961203304lu477oaLaustrup H, Voss A, Green A, Junker P. SLE disease patterns in a Danish population-based lupus cohort: an 8-year prospective study. Lupus. 2010;19(3):239-246. doi:10.1177/0961203309351033Laustrup H, Voss A, Green A, Junker P. SLE disease patterns in a Danish population-based lupus cohort: an 8-year prospective study. Lupus. 2010;19(3):239-246. doi:10.1177/0961203309351033Olsen NJ, Li QZ, Quan J, Wang L, Mutwally A, Karp DR. Autoantibody profiling to follow evolution of lupus syndromes. Arthritis Res Ther. 2012;14(4):R174. doi: 10.1186/ar3927Olsen NJ, Li QZ, Quan J, Wang L, Mutwally A, Karp DR. Autoantibody profiling to follow evolution of lupus syndromes. Arthritis Res Ther. 2012;14(4):R174. doi: 10.1186/ar3927Calvo-Alen J, Alarcon GS, Burgard SL, Burst N, Bartolucci AA, Williams HJ. Systemic lupus erythematosus: predictors of its occurrence among a cohort of patients with early undifferentiated connective tissue disease: multivariate analyses and identification of risk factors. J Rheumatol. 1996;23(3):469-475.Calvo-Alen J, Alarcon GS, Burgard SL, Burst N, Bartolucci AA, Williams HJ. Systemic lupus erythematosus: predictors of its occurrence among a cohort of patients with early undifferentiated connective tissue disease: multivariate analyses and identification of risk factors. J Rheumatol. 1996;23(3):469-475.Mosca M, Tavoni A, Neri R, Bencivelli W, Bombardieri S. Undifferentiated connective tissue diseases: The clinical and serological profiles of 91 patients followed for at least 1 year. Lupus. 1998;7(2):95-100. doi: 10.1191/096120398678919787Mosca M, Tavoni A, Neri R, Bencivelli W, Bombardieri S. Undifferentiated connective tissue diseases: The clinical and serological profiles of 91 patients followed for at least 1 year. Lupus. 1998;7(2):95-100. doi: 10.1191/096120398678919787Danieli MG, Fraticelli P, Salvi A, Gabrielli A, Danieli G. Undifferentiated connective tissue disease: natural history and evolution into definite CTD assessed in 84 patients initially diagnosed as early UCTD. Clin Rheumatol. 1998;17(3):195-201. doi: 10.1007/BF01451046Danieli MG, Fraticelli P, Salvi A, Gabrielli A, Danieli G. Undifferentiated connective tissue disease: natural history and evolution into definite CTD assessed in 84 patients initially diagnosed as early UCTD. Clin Rheumatol. 1998;17(3):195-201. doi: 10.1007/BF01451046Danieli MG, Fraticelli P, Franceschini F, Cattaneo R, Farsi A, Passaleva A, et al. Five-year follow-up of 165 Italian patients with undifferentiated connective tissue diseases. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1999;17(5):585-591.Danieli MG, Fraticelli P, Franceschini F, Cattaneo R, Farsi A, Passaleva A, et al. Five-year follow-up of 165 Italian patients with undifferentiated connective tissue diseases. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1999;17(5):585-591.Williams HJ, Alarcon GS, Joks R, Steen VD, Bulpitt K, Clegg DO, et al. Early undifferentiated connective tissue disease (CTD). VI. An inception cohort after 10 years: disease remissions and changes in diagnoses in well established and undifferentiated CTD. J Rheumatol. 1999;26(4):816-825.Williams HJ, Alarcon GS, Joks R, Steen VD, Bulpitt K, Clegg DO, et al. Early undifferentiated connective tissue disease (CTD). VI. An inception cohort after 10 years: disease remissions and changes in diagnoses in well established and undifferentiated CTD. J Rheumatol. 1999;26(4):816-825.Cavazzana I, Franceschini F, Belfiore N, Quinzanini M, Caporali R, Calzavara-Pinton P, et al. Undifferentiated connective tissue disease with antibodies to Ro/SSa: Clinical features and follow-up of 148 patients. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2001;19(4):403-409.Cavazzana I, Franceschini F, Belfiore N, Quinzanini M, Caporali R, Calzavara-Pinton P, et al. Undifferentiated connective tissue disease with antibodies to Ro/SSa: Clinical features and follow-up of 148 patients. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2001;19(4):403-409.Bodolay E, Csiki Z, Szekanecz Z, Ben T, Kiss E, Zeher M, et al. Five-year follow-up of 665 Hungarian patients with undifferentiated connective tissue disease (UCTD). Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2003;21(3):313-320.Bodolay E, Csiki Z, Szekanecz Z, Ben T, Kiss E, Zeher M, et al. Five-year follow-up of 665 Hungarian patients with undifferentiated connective tissue disease (UCTD). Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2003;21(3):313-320.Guerrero LF, Rueda JC, Arciniegas R, Rueda JM. Undifferentiated connective tissue disease in a heumatology center in Cali, Colombia: Clinical features of 94 patients followed for a year. Rheumatol Int. 2013;33(4):1085-1088. doi: 10.1007/s00296-011-2234-yGuerrero LF, Rueda JC, Arciniegas R, Rueda JM. Undifferentiated connective tissue disease in a heumatology center in Cali, Colombia: Clinical features of 94 patients followed for a year. Rheumatol Int. 2013;33(4):1085-1088. doi: 10.1007/s00296-011-2234-yGarcía-González M, Rodríguez-Lozano B, Bustabad S, Ferraz-Amaro I. Undifferentiated connective tissue disease: Predictors of evolution into definite disease. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2017;35(5):739-745.García-González M, Rodríguez-Lozano B, Bustabad S, Ferraz-Amaro I. Undifferentiated connective tissue disease: Predictors of evolution into definite disease. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2017;35(5):739-745.Bortoluzzi A, Furini F, Campanaro F, Govoni M. Application of SLICC classification criteria in undifferentiated connective tissue disease and evolution in systemic lupus erythematosus: Analysis of a large monocentric cohort with a long-term follow-up. Lupus. 2017;26(6):616-622. doi: 10.1177/0961203316671814Bortoluzzi A, Furini F, Campanaro F, Govoni M. Application of SLICC classification criteria in undifferentiated connective tissue disease and evolution in systemic lupus erythematosus: Analysis of a large monocentric cohort with a long-term follow-up. Lupus. 2017;26(6):616-622. doi: 10.1177/0961203316671814Zucchi D, Tani C, Monacci F, Elefante E, Carli L, Parma A, et al. Pregnancy and undifferentiated connective tissue disease: Outcome and risk of flare in 100 pregnancies. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2020;59(6):1335-1339. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/kez440Zucchi D, Tani C, Monacci F, Elefante E, Carli L, Parma A, et al. Pregnancy and undifferentiated connective tissue disease: Outcome and risk of flare in 100 pregnancies. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2020;59(6):1335-1339. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/kez440Ganczarczyk L, Urowitz MB, Gladman DD. “Latent lupus”. J Rheumatol. 1989;16(4):475-478.Ganczarczyk L, Urowitz MB, Gladman DD. “Latent lupus”. J Rheumatol. 1989;16(4):475-478.Al Daabil M, Massarotti EM, Fine A, Tsao H, Ho P, Schur PH, et al. Development of SLE among “potential SLE” patients seen in consultation: Long-term follow-up. Int J Clin Pract. 2014;68(12):1508-1513. doi: 10.1111/ijcp.12466Al Daabil M, Massarotti EM, Fine A, Tsao H, Ho P, Schur PH, et al. Development of SLE among “potential SLE” patients seen in consultation: Long-term follow-up. Int J Clin Pract. 2014;68(12):1508-1513. doi: 10.1111/ijcp.12466Tiao J, Feng R, Carr K, Okawa J, Werth VP. Using the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) and Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics (SLICC) criteria to determine the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in patients with subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (SCLE). J Am Acad Dermatol. 2016;74(5):862-869. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2015.12.029Tiao J, Feng R, Carr K, Okawa J, Werth VP. Using the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) and Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics (SLICC) criteria to determine the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in patients with subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (SCLE). J Am Acad Dermatol. 2016;74(5):862-869. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2015.12.029Md Yusof MY, Psarras A, El-Sherbiny YM, Hensor EMA, Dutton K, Ul-Hassan S, et al. Prediction of autoimmune connective tissue disease in an at-risk cohort: prognostic value of a novel two-score system for interferon status. Ann Rheum Dis. 2018;77(10):1432-1439. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-213386Md Yusof MY, Psarras A, El-Sherbiny YM, Hensor EMA, Dutton K, Ul-Hassan S, et al. Prediction of autoimmune connective tissue disease in an at-risk cohort: prognostic value of a novel two-score system for interferon status. Ann Rheum Dis. 2018;77(10):1432-1439. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-213386Ramsey-Goldman R, Alexander RV, Massarotti EM, Wallace DJ, Narain S, Arriens C, et al. Complement activation in patients with probable systemic lupus erythematosus and ability to predict progression to American College of Rheumatology-Classified Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2020;72(1):78-88. doi: 10.1002/art.41093Ramsey-Goldman R, Alexander RV, Massarotti EM, Wallace DJ, Narain S, Arriens C, et al. Complement activation in patients with probable systemic lupus erythematosus and ability to predict progression to American College of Rheumatology-Classified Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2020;72(1):78-88. doi: 10.1002/art.41093Sternhagen E, Bettendorf B, Lenert A, Lenert PS. The role of clinical features and serum biomarkers in identifying patients with incomplete lupus erythematosus at higher risk of transitioning to systemic lupus erythematosus: Current perspectives. J Inflamm Res. 2022;15:1133-1145. doi: 10.2147/JIR.S275043Sternhagen E, Bettendorf B, Lenert A, Lenert PS. The role of clinical features and serum biomarkers in identifying patients with incomplete lupus erythematosus at higher risk of transitioning to systemic lupus erythematosus: Current perspectives. J Inflamm Res. 2022;15:1133-1145. doi: 10.2147/JIR.S275043Chen Z, Li MT, Xu D, Leng XM, Wang Q, Tian XP, et al. Organ damage in patients with incomplete lupus syndromes: From a Chinese academic center. Clin Rheumatol. 2015;34(8):1383-1389. doi: 10.1007/s10067-015-2884-3Chen Z, Li MT, Xu D, Leng XM, Wang Q, Tian XP, et al. Organ damage in patients with incomplete lupus syndromes: From a Chinese academic center. Clin Rheumatol. 2015;34(8):1383-1389. doi: 10.1007/s10067-015-2884-3Calvo-Alén J, Bastian HM, Straaton KV, Burgard SL, Mikhail IS, Alarcón GS. Identification of patient subsets among those presumptively diagnosed with, referred, and/or followed up for systemic lupus erythematosus at a large tertiary care center. Arthritis Rheum. 1995;38:1475-1484. doi: 10.1002/art.1780381014Calvo-Alén J, Bastian HM, Straaton KV, Burgard SL, Mikhail IS, Alarcón GS. Identification of patient subsets among those presumptively diagnosed with, referred, and/or followed up for systemic lupus erythematosus at a large tertiary care center. Arthritis Rheum. 1995;38:1475-1484. doi: 10.1002/art.1780381014Vilá LM, Mayor AM, Valentin AH, Garcia-Soberal M, Vila S. Clinical outcome and predictors of disease evolution in patients with incomplete lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 2000;9:110-115. doi: 10.1191/096120300678828073Vilá LM, Mayor AM, Valentin AH, Garcia-Soberal M, Vila S. Clinical outcome and predictors of disease evolution in patients with incomplete lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 2000;9:110-115. doi: 10.1191/096120300678828073Rúa-Figueroa Í, Richi P, López-Longo FJ, Galindo M, Calvo-Alén J, Olivé-Marqués A, et al.; EAS-SER (Systemic Diseases Study Group of the Spanish Society of Rheumatology). Comprehensive description of clinical characteristics of a large systemic lupus erythematosus cohort from the Spanish Rheumatology Society Lupus Registry (RELESSER) with emphasis on complete versus incomplete lupus differences. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015;94(1):e267. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000000267Rúa-Figueroa Í, Richi P, López-Longo FJ, Galindo M, Calvo-Alén J, Olivé-Marqués A, et al.; EAS-SER (Systemic Diseases Study Group of the Spanish Society of Rheumatology). Comprehensive description of clinical characteristics of a large systemic lupus erythematosus cohort from the Spanish Rheumatology Society Lupus Registry (RELESSER) with emphasis on complete versus incomplete lupus differences. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015;94(1):e267. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000000267Olsen NJ, McAloose C, Carter J, Han BK, Raman I, Li QZ, et al. Clinical and immunologic profiles in incomplete lupus erythematosus and improvement with hydroxychloroquine treatment. Autoimmune Dis. 2016;2016:8791629. doi: 10.1155/2016/8791629Olsen NJ, McAloose C, Carter J, Han BK, Raman I, Li QZ, et al. Clinical and immunologic profiles in incomplete lupus erythematosus and improvement with hydroxychloroquine treatment. Autoimmune Dis. 2016;2016:8791629. doi: 10.1155/2016/8791629Aberle T, Bourn RL, Munroe ME, Chen H, Roberts VC, Guthridge JM, et al. Clinical and serologic features in patients with incomplete lupus classification versus systemic lupus erythematosus patients and controls. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2017;69(12):1780-1788. doi: 10.1002/acr.23201Aberle T, Bourn RL, Munroe ME, Chen H, Roberts VC, Guthridge JM, et al. Clinical and serologic features in patients with incomplete lupus classification versus systemic lupus erythematosus patients and controls. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2017;69(12):1780-1788. doi: 10.1002/acr.23201Aringer M, Costenbader K, Daikh D, Brinks R, Mosca M, Ramsey-Goldman R, 2019 European League Against Rheumatism/ American College of Rheumatology classification criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis. 2019;78(9):1151-1159. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-214819Aringer M, Costenbader K, Daikh D, Brinks R, Mosca M, Ramsey-Goldman R, 2019 European League Against Rheumatism/ American College of Rheumatology classification criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis. 2019;78(9):1151-1159. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-214819Aringer M, Johnson SR. Classifying and diagnosing systemic lupus erythematosus in the 21st century. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2020;59(Suppl 5):4-11. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/keaa379Aringer M, Johnson SR. Classifying and diagnosing systemic lupus erythematosus in the 21st century. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2020;59(Suppl 5):4-11. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/keaa379Соловьев СК, Асеева ЕА, Попкова ТВ, Лила АМ, Мазуров ВИ, Насонов ЕЛ. Системная красная волчанка: Новые горизонты диагностики и терапии. Научно-практическая ревматология. 2020;58(1):5-14. doi: 10.14412/1995-4484-2020-5-14Solovyev SK, Aseeva EA, Popkova TV, Lila AM, Mazurov VI, Nasonov EL. Systemic lupus erythematosus: New horizons for diagnosis and therapy. Nauchno-Prakticheskaya Revmatologia = Rheumatology Science and Practice. 2020;58(1):5-14 (In Russ.). doi: 10.14412/1995-4484-2020-5-14Radin M, Schreiber K, Cecchi I, Bortoluzzi A, Crisafulli F, de Freitas CM, et al. Impact of the 2019 European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology/American College of Rheumatology Classification Criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus in a multicenter cohort study of 133 women with undifferentiated connective tissue disease. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2021;73(12):1804-1808. doi: 10.1002/acr.24391Radin M, Schreiber K, Cecchi I, Bortoluzzi A, Crisafulli F, de Freitas CM, et al. Impact of the 2019 European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology/American College of Rheumatology Classification Criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus in a multicenter cohort study of 133 women with undifferentiated connective tissue disease. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2021;73(12):1804-1808. doi: 10.1002/acr.24391Насонов ЕЛ, Соловьев СК, Аршинов АВ. Системная красная волчанка: История и современность. Научно-практическая ревматология. 2022;60(4):397-412. doi: 10.47360/1995-4484-2022-397-412Nasonov EL, Soloviev SK, Arshinov AV. Systemic lupus erythematosus: History and modernity. Nauchno-Prakticheskaya Revmatologia = Rheumatology Science and Practice. 2022;60(4):397-412 (In Russ.). doi: 10.47360/1995-4484-2022-397-412Barturen G, Babaei S, Català-Moll F, Martínez-Bueno M, Makowska Z, Martorell-Marugán J, et al. Integrative analysis reveals a molecular stratification of systemic autoimmune diseases. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2021;73(6):1073-1085. doi: 10.1002/art.41610Barturen G, Babaei S, Català-Moll F, Martínez-Bueno M, Makowska Z, Martorell-Marugán J, et al. Integrative analysis reveals a molecular stratification of systemic autoimmune diseases. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2021;73(6):1073-1085. doi: 10.1002/art.41610Насонов ЕЛ, Попкова ТВ, Лила АМ. Белимумаб в лечении системной красной волчанки: 20 лет фундаментальных исследований, 10 лет клинической практики. Научно-практическая ревматология. 2021;59(4):367-383. doi: 10.47360/1995-4484-2021-367-383Nasonov EL, Popkova TV, Lila AM. Belimumab in the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus: 20 years of basic research, 10 years of clinical practice. Nauchno-Prakticheskaya Revmatologia = Rheumatology Science and Practice. 2021;59(4):367-383 (In Russ.). doi: 10.47360/1995-4484-2021-367-383Vincent FB, Northcott M, Hoi A, Mackay F, Morand EF. Association of serum B cell activating factor from the tumor necrosis factor family (BAFF) and a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) with central nervous system and renal disease in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 2013;22(9):873-884. doi: 10.1177/0961203313496302Vincent FB, Northcott M, Hoi A, Mackay F, Morand EF. Association of serum B cell activating factor from the tumor necrosis factor family (BAFF) and a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) with central nervous system and renal disease in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 2013;22(9):873-884. doi: 10.1177/0961203313496302Suso JP, Posso-Osorio I, Jiménez CA, Naranjo-Escobar J, Ospina FE, Sánchez A, et al. Profile of BAFF and its receptors’ expression in lupus nephritis is associated with pathological classes. Lupus. 2018;27(5):708-715. doi: 10.1177/0961203317739132Suso JP, Posso-Osorio I, Jiménez CA, Naranjo-Escobar J, Ospina FE, Sánchez A, et al. Profile of BAFF and its receptors’ expression in lupus nephritis is associated with pathological classes. Lupus. 2018;27(5):708-715. doi: 10.1177/0961203317739132Slight-Webb S, Smith M, Bylinska A, Macwana S, Guthridge C, Lu R, et al. Autoantibody-positive healthy individuals with lower lupus risk display a unique immune endotype. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020;146(6):1419-1433. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.04.047Slight-Webb S, Smith M, Bylinska A, Macwana S, Guthridge C, Lu R, et al. Autoantibody-positive healthy individuals with lower lupus risk display a unique immune endotype. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020;146(6):1419-1433. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.04.047Munroe ME, Young KA, Kamen DL, Guthridge JM, Niewold TB, Costenbader KH, et al. Discerning risk of disease transition in relatives of systemic lupus erythematosus patients utilizing soluble mediators and clinical features. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2017;69(3):630-642. doi: 10.1002/art.40004Munroe ME, Young KA, Kamen DL, Guthridge JM, Niewold TB, Costenbader KH, et al. Discerning risk of disease transition in relatives of systemic lupus erythematosus patients utilizing soluble mediators and clinical features. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2017;69(3):630-642. doi: 10.1002/art.40004Li QZ, Zhou J, Lian Y, Zhang B, Branch VK, Carr-Johnson F, et al. Interferon signature gene expression is correlated with autoantibody profiles in patients with incomplete lupus syndromes. Clin Exp Immunol. 2010;159(3):281-291. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2009.04057.xLi QZ, Zhou J, Lian Y, Zhang B, Branch VK, Carr-Johnson F, et al. Interferon signature gene expression is correlated with autoantibody profiles in patients with incomplete lupus syndromes. Clin Exp Immunol. 2010;159(3):281-291. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2009.04057.xMunroe ME, Lu R, Zhao YD, Fife DA, Robertson JM, Guthridge JM, et al. Altered type II interferon precedes autoantibody accrual and elevated type I interferon activity prior to systemic lupus erythematosus classification. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016;75(11):2014-2021. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2015-208140Munroe ME, Lu R, Zhao YD, Fife DA, Robertson JM, Guthridge JM, et al. Altered type II interferon precedes autoantibody accrual and elevated type I interferon activity prior to systemic lupus erythematosus classification. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016;75(11):2014-2021. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2015-208140Bourn R, James JA. Preclinical lupus. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2015;27:433-439. doi: 10.1097/BOR.0000000000000199Bourn R, James JA. Preclinical lupus. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2015;27:433-439. doi: 10.1097/BOR.0000000000000199Olsen NJ, James JA, Arriens C, Ishimori ML, Wallace DJ, Kamen DL, et al. Study of Anti-Malarials in Incomplete Lupus Erythematosus (SMILE): Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2018;19(1):694. doi: 10.1186/s13063-018-3076-7Olsen NJ, James JA, Arriens C, Ishimori ML, Wallace DJ, Kamen DL, et al. Study of Anti-Malarials in Incomplete Lupus Erythematosus (SMILE): Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2018;19(1):694. doi: 10.1186/s13063-018-3076-7James JA, Kim-Howard XR, Bruner BF, Jonsson MK, McClain MT, Arbuckle MR, Walker C, et al. Hydroxychloroquine sulfate treatment is associated with later onset of systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 2007;16(6):401-409. doi: 10.1177/0961203307078579James JA, Kim-Howard XR, Bruner BF, Jonsson MK, McClain MT, Arbuckle MR, Walker C, et al. Hydroxychloroquine sulfate treatment is associated with later onset of systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 2007;16(6):401-409. doi: 10.1177/0961203307078579Lambers WM, Westra J, Bootsma H, de Leeuw K. Hydroxychloroquine suppresses interferon-inducible genes and B cell activating factor in patients with incomplete and new-onset systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol. 2021;48(6):847-851. doi: 10.3899/jrheum.200726Lambers WM, Westra J, Bootsma H, de Leeuw K. Hydroxychloroquine suppresses interferon-inducible genes and B cell activating factor in patients with incomplete and new-onset systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol. 2021;48(6):847-851. doi: 10.3899/jrheum.200726Durcan L, Petri M. Immunomodulators in SLE: Clinical evidence and immunologic actions. J Autoimmun. 2016;74:73-84. doi: 10.1016/j.jaut.2016.06.010Durcan L, Petri M. Immunomodulators in SLE: Clinical evidence and immunologic actions. J Autoimmun. 2016;74:73-84. doi: 10.1016/j.jaut.2016.06.010Arnaud L, Mathian A, Devilliers H, Ruffatti A, Tektonidou M, Forastiero R, et al. Patient-level analysis of five international cohorts further confirms the efficacy of aspirin for the primary prevention of thrombosis in patients with antiphospholipid antibodies. Autoimmun Rev. 2015;14(3):192-200. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2014.10.019Arnaud L, Mathian A, Devilliers H, Ruffatti A, Tektonidou M, Forastiero R, et al. Patient-level analysis of five international cohorts further confirms the efficacy of aspirin for the primary prevention of thrombosis in patients with antiphospholipid antibodies. Autoimmun Rev. 2015;14(3):192-200. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2014.10.019Решетняк ТМ, Кошелева НМ, Насонов ЕЛ. Системная красная волчанка и беременность: до, во время гестации и после родов. Научно-практическая ревматология. 2023;61(3):292-297. doi: 10.47360/1995-4484-2023-292-297Reshetnyak TM, Kosheleva NM, Nasonov EL. Systemic lupus erythematosus and pregnancy: Before gestation, during and after childbirth. Nauchno-Prakticheskaya Revmatologia = Rheumatology Science and Practice. 2023;61(3):292-297 (In Russ.). doi: 10.47360/1995-4484-2023-292-297

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.