rspНаучно-практическая ревматологияRheumatology Science and Practice1995-44841995-4492IMA-PRESS, LLC10.47360/1995-4484-2025-559-575rsp-3832Research ArticleПРОГРЕСС В РЕВМАТОЛОГИИ В XXI ВЕКЕPROGRESS IN RHEUMATOLOGY IN THE XXI CENTURYВнутривенный иммуноглобулин в ревматологии: новые данные и проект клинических рекомендацийIntravenous immunoglobulin in rheumatology: new data and draft clinical guidelineshttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1598-8360НасоновЕ. Л.NasonovE. L.

Насонов Евгений Львович

115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 34а

Evgeny L. Nasonov

115522, Moscow, Kashirskoye Highway, 34A

nasonov@irramn.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3552-2522РешетнякT. M.ReshetnyakT. M.

115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 34а

Tatiana M. Reshetnyak

115522, Moscow, Kashirskoye Highway, 34A

 

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2641-9785БекетоваТ. В.BeketovaT. V.

115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 34а; 121356, Москва, ул. Маршала Тимошенко, 15; 107023, Москва, ул. Большая Семёновская, 38

Tatyana V. Beketova

115522, Moscow, Kashirskoye Highway, 34A; 121359, Moscow, Marshala Timoshenko str., 19, building 1A; 107023, Moscow, Bolshaya Semyonovskaya str., 38

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7858-7820СукмароваЗ. Н.SukmarovaZ. N.

115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 34а

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3173-773XСтарковаА. С.StarkovaA. S.

115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 34а

115522, Moscow, Kashirskoye Highway, 34A

ФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт ревматологии им. В.А. Насоновой»РоссияV.A. Nasonova Research Institute of RheumatologyRussian FederationФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт ревматологии им. В.А. Насоновой»; ФГБУ «Центральная клиническая больница с поликлиникой» Управления делами Президента Российской Федерации; ФГАОУ ВО «Московский политехнический университет»РоссияV.A. Nasonova Research Institute of Rheumatology; Central State Medical Academy of the Administrative Directorate of the President of the Russian Federation; Moscow Polytechnic UniversityRussian Federation202530122025636559575Copyright © Насонов Е.Л., Решетняк T.M., Бекетова Т.В., Сукмарова З.Н., Старкова А.С., 20252025Насонов Е.Л., Решетняк T.M., Бекетова Т.В., Сукмарова З.Н., Старкова А.С.Nasonov E.L., Reshetnyak T.M., Beketova T.V., Sukmarova Z.N., Starkova A.S.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://rsp.mediar-press.net/rsp/article/view/3832

Системные аутоиммунные ревматические заболевания (САРЗ) – клинико-иммунологические синдромы, характеризующиеся развитием как уникальных, так и общих (частично перекрещивающихся) клинических и патологических проявлений, разнообразием вариантов течения и прогрессирования, «ответа» на противовоспалительную терапию и тяжести «коморбидной» патологии. В спектре препаратов, применяющихся для лечения САРЗ, определенные позиции уже более 50 лет занимает внутривенный иммуноглобулин (ВИГ), другим не менее важным показанием для назначения которого является заместительная терапия при первичных (inborn errors of immunity) и вторичных иммунодефицитах. Фактически ВИГ является прототипом «биологических агентов», предшествующим разработке моноклональных антител (мАТ) для лечения заболеваний человека. В нарративном обзоре рассматриваются новые данные, касающиеся эффективности и безопасности ВИГ при САРЗ; значение ВИГ в заместительной терапии у пациентов с гипогаммглобулинемией, в первую очередь связанной с анти-В-клеточной терапией. Представлен проект клинических рекомендаций, касающихся применения ВИГ для лечения САРЗ.

Systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases (SARD) are clinical and immunological syndromes characterized by the development of both unique and common (partially overlapping) clinical and pathological manifestations, a variety of course and progression options, “response” to anti-inflammatory therapy and the severity of “comorbid” pathology. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) has held a prominent position in the spectrum of drugs used to treat SARD for over 50 years. Another equally important indication for its use is replacement therapy for primary (inborn errors of immunity) and secondary immunodeficiencies. In fact, IVIG is a prototype of “biological agents”, preceding the development of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), which began to be used in clinical practice for the treatment of SARDs. This narrative review examines new data regarding the efficacy and safety of IVIG in SARDs and the role of IVIG in replacement therapy in patients with hypogammaglobulinemia, primarily associated with anti-B cell therapy. Draft clinical guidelines regarding the use of IVIG for the treatment of SARDs are presented.

системные аутоиммунные ревматические заболеваниявнутривенный иммуноглобулинанти-В-клеточная терапияsystemic autoimmune rheumatic diseasesintravenous immunoglobulinanti-B cell therapyИсследование не имело спонсорской поддержкиReferencesWang L, Wang FS, Gershwin ME. Human autoimmune diseases: A comprehensive update. J Intern Med. 2015;278(4):369-395. doi: 10.1111/joim.12395Wang L, Wang FS, Gershwin ME. Human autoimmune diseases: A comprehensive update. J Intern Med. 2015;278(4):369-395. doi: 10.1111/joim.12395Pisetsky DS. Pathogenesis of autoimmune disease. Nat Rev Nephrol. 202;19(8):509-524. doi: 10.1038/s41581-023-00720-1Pisetsky DS. Pathogenesis of autoimmune disease. Nat Rev Nephrol. 202;19(8):509-524. doi: 10.1038/s41581-023-00720-1Насонов ЕЛ. Современная концепция аутоиммунитета в ревматологии. Научно-практическая ревматология. 2023;61(4):397-420. doi: 10.47360/1995-4484-2023-397-420Nasonov EL. Modern concept of autoimmunity in rheumatology. Nauchno-Prakticheskaya Revmatologia = Rheumatology Science and Practice. 2023;61(4):397-420 (In Russ.). doi: 10.47360/1995-4484-2023-397-420Насонов ЕЛ, Румянцев АГ, Самсонов МЮ. Фармакотерапия аутоиммунных ревматических заболеваний – от моноклональных антител к CAR-T-клеткам: 20 лет спустя. Научнопрактическая ревматология. 2024;62(3):262-279. doi: 10.47360/1995-4484-2024-262-279Nasonov EL, Rumyantsev AG, Samsonov MYu. Pharmacotherapy of autoimmune rheumatic diseases – from monoclonal antibodies to CAR T cells: 20 years later. Nauchno-Prakticheskaya Revmatologia = Rheumatology Science and Practice. 2024;62(3):262-279 (In Russ.). doi: 10.47360/1995-4484-2024-262-279Насонов ЕЛ. Достижения фармакотерапии иммуновоспалительных ревматических заболеваний в XXI веке. Терапевтический архив. 2025;97(5):401-411. [Nasonov EL. Advances in pharmacotherapy for immunoinflammatory rheumatic diseases in the 21st century. Terapevticheskii arkhiv. 2025;97(5):401-411 (In Russ.)]. doi: 10.26442/00403660.2025.05.203213Nasonov EL. Advances in pharmacotherapy for immunoinflammatory rheumatic diseases in the 21st century. Terapevticheskii arkhiv. 2025;97(5):401-411 (In Russ.). doi: 10.26442/00403660.2025.05.203213Ramírez-Valle F, Maranville JC, Roy S, Plenge RM. Sequential immunotherapy: Towards cures for autoimmunity. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2024;23(7):501-524. doi: 10.1038/s41573-024-00959-8Ramírez-Valle F, Maranville JC, Roy S, Plenge RM. Sequential immunotherapy: Towards cures for autoimmunity. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2024;23(7):501-524. doi: 10.1038/s41573-024-00959-8Danieli MG, Antonelli E, Gammeri L, Longhi E, Cozzi MF, Palmeri D, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin as a therapy for autoimmune conditions. Autoimmun Rev. 2025;24(1):103710. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2024.103710Danieli MG, Antonelli E, Gammeri L, Longhi E, Cozzi MF, Palmeri D, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin as a therapy for autoimmune conditions. Autoimmun Rev. 2025;24(1):103710. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2024.103710Bayry J, Ahmed EA, Toscano-Rivero D, Vonniessen N, Genest G, Cohen CG, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin: Mechanism of action in autoimmune and inflammatory conditions. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2023;11(6):1688-1697. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2023.04.002Bayry J, Ahmed EA, Toscano-Rivero D, Vonniessen N, Genest G, Cohen CG, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin: Mechanism of action in autoimmune and inflammatory conditions. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2023;11(6):1688-1697. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2023.04.002Середавкина НВ, Решетняк ТМ, Насонов ЕЛ. Место внутривенного иммуноглобулина при ревматических заболеваниях. Современная ревматология. 2015;9(4):59-67. doi: 10.14412/1996-7012-2015-4-59-67Seredavkina NV, Reshetnyak TM, Nasonov EL. The place of intravenous immunoglobulin in rheumatic diseases. Modern Rheumatology Journal. 2015;9(4):59-67 (In Russ.). doi: 10.14412/1996-7012-2015-4-59-67Егорова ОН, Тарасова ГМ, Дацина АВ, Сажина ЕГ. Особенности применения внутривенных иммуноглобулинов при ревматических заболеваниях. Современная ревматология. 2024;18(3):78-84. doi: 10.14412/1996-7012-2024-3-78-84Egorova ON, Tarasova GM, Datsina AV, Sazhina EG. Peculiar features of intravenous immunoglobulins application in rheumatic diseases. Modern Rheumatology Journal. 2024;18(3):78-84 (In Russ.). doi: 10.14412/1996-7012-2024-3-78-84Arumugham VB, Rayi A. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). Treasure Island (FL):StatPearls Publishing;2025.Arumugham VB, Rayi A. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). Treasure Island (FL):StatPearls Publishing;2025.Nagy G, Gunkl-Tóth L, Dorgó AM, McInnes IB. The concept of difficult-to-treat disease in rheumatology: Where next? Lancet Rheumatol. 2025;7(4):e274-e289. doi: 10.1016/S26659913(24)00340-0Nagy G, Gunkl-Tóth L, Dorgó AM, McInnes IB. The concept of difficult-to-treat disease in rheumatology: Where next? Lancet Rheumatol. 2025;7(4):e274-e289. doi: 10.1016/S26659913(24)00340-0Roccatello D, Sciascia S, Rossi D, Fenoglio R. Refractory systemic lupus erythematosus: Identification and pharmacological management. Drugs. 2023;83(2):117-134. doi: 10.1007/s40265-02201824-xRoccatello D, Sciascia S, Rossi D, Fenoglio R. Refractory systemic lupus erythematosus: Identification and pharmacological management. Drugs. 2023;83(2):117-134. doi: 10.1007/s40265-02201824-xKandane-Rathnayake R, Louthrenoo W, Lau CS, Hamijoyo L, Cho J, Lateef A, et al. Prevalence and outcomes of a pilot definition of severe refractory systemic lupus erythematosus: Observations from a multinational Asia-Pacific cohort. Arthritis Res Ther. 2025;27(1):155. doi: 10.1186/s13075-025-03622-8Kandane-Rathnayake R, Louthrenoo W, Lau CS, Hamijoyo L, Cho J, Lateef A, et al. Prevalence and outcomes of a pilot definition of severe refractory systemic lupus erythematosus: Observations from a multinational Asia-Pacific cohort. Arthritis Res Ther. 2025;27(1):155. doi: 10.1186/s13075-025-03622-8Parodis I, Wincup C, Touma Z, Andersen J, Strand V, Sjöwall C. Holistic approaches in systemic lupus erythematosus: Do physicians avoid addressing difficult-to-treat but highly relevant symptoms? RMD Open. 2025;11(1):e005400. doi: 10.1136/rmdopen-2024-005400Parodis I, Wincup C, Touma Z, Andersen J, Strand V, Sjöwall C. Holistic approaches in systemic lupus erythematosus: Do physicians avoid addressing difficult-to-treat but highly relevant symptoms? RMD Open. 2025;11(1):e005400. doi: 10.1136/rmdopen-2024-005400Barmettler S, Ong MS, Farmer JR, Choi H, Walter J. Association of immunoglobulin levels, infectious risk, and mortality with rituximab and hypogammaglobulinemia. JAMA Netw Open. 2018;1(7):e184169. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.4169Barmettler S, Ong MS, Farmer JR, Choi H, Walter J. Association of immunoglobulin levels, infectious risk, and mortality with rituximab and hypogammaglobulinemia. JAMA Netw Open. 2018;1(7):e184169. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.4169Athni TS, Barmettler S. Hypogammaglobulinemia, late-onset neutropenia, and infections following rituximab. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2023;130(6):699-712. doi: 10.1016/j.anai.2023.01.018Athni TS, Barmettler S. Hypogammaglobulinemia, late-onset neutropenia, and infections following rituximab. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2023;130(6):699-712. doi: 10.1016/j.anai.2023.01.018Sacco KA, Abraham RS. Consequences of B-cell-depleting therapy: Hypogammaglobulinemia and impaired B-cell reconstitution. Immunotherapy. 2018;10(8):713-728. doi: 10.2217/imt-20170178151Sacco KA, Abraham RS. Consequences of B-cell-depleting therapy: Hypogammaglobulinemia and impaired B-cell reconstitution. Immunotherapy. 2018;10(8):713-728. doi: 10.2217/imt-20170178151Tieu J, Smith RM, Gopaluni S, Kumararatne DS, McClure M, Manson A, et al. Rituximab associated hypogammaglobulinemia in autoimmune disease. Front Immunol. 2021;12:671503. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.671503Tieu J, Smith RM, Gopaluni S, Kumararatne DS, McClure M, Manson A, et al. Rituximab associated hypogammaglobulinemia in autoimmune disease. Front Immunol. 2021;12:671503. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.671503Blincoe A, Labrosse R, Abraham RS. Acquired B-cell deficiency secondary to B-cell-depleting therapies. J Immunol Methods. 2022;511:113385. doi: 10.1016/j.jim.2022.113385Blincoe A, Labrosse R, Abraham RS. Acquired B-cell deficiency secondary to B-cell-depleting therapies. J Immunol Methods. 2022;511:113385. doi: 10.1016/j.jim.2022.113385Wat J, Barmettler S. Hypogammaglobulinemia after chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy: Characteristics, management, and future directions. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2022;10(2):460-466. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2021.10.037Wat J, Barmettler S. Hypogammaglobulinemia after chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy: Characteristics, management, and future directions. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2022;10(2):460-466. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2021.10.037Sutherland NM, Zhou B, Zhang L, Ong MS, Hong JS, Pak A, et al. Association of CD19+-targeted chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy with hypogammaglobulinemia, infection, and mortality. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2025;155(2):605-615. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2024.10.021Sutherland NM, Zhou B, Zhang L, Ong MS, Hong JS, Pak A, et al. Association of CD19+-targeted chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy with hypogammaglobulinemia, infection, and mortality. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2025;155(2):605-615. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2024.10.021Schwab I, Nimmerjahn F. Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy: How does IgG modulate the immune system? Nat Rev Immunol. 2013;13(3):176-189. doi: 10.1038/nri3401Schwab I, Nimmerjahn F. Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy: How does IgG modulate the immune system? Nat Rev Immunol. 2013;13(3):176-189. doi: 10.1038/nri3401Lünemann JD, Nimmerjahn F, Dalakas MC. Intravenous immunoglobulin in neurology – mode of action and clinical efficacy. Nat Rev Neurol. 2015;11(2):80-89. doi: 10.1038/nrneurol.2014.253Lünemann JD, Nimmerjahn F, Dalakas MC. Intravenous immunoglobulin in neurology – mode of action and clinical efficacy. Nat Rev Neurol. 2015;11(2):80-89. doi: 10.1038/nrneurol.2014.253Segú-Vergés C, Caño S, Calderón-Gómez E, Bartra H, Sardon T, Kaveri S, et al. Systems biology and artificial intelligence analysis highlights the pleiotropic effect of IVIg therapy in autoimmune diseases with a predominant role on B cells and complement system. Front Immunol. 2022;13:901872. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.901872Segú-Vergés C, Caño S, Calderón-Gómez E, Bartra H, Sardon T, Kaveri S, et al. Systems biology and artificial intelligence analysis highlights the pleiotropic effect of IVIg therapy in autoimmune diseases with a predominant role on B cells and complement system. Front Immunol. 2022;13:901872. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.901872Hematianlarki M, Nimmerjahn F. Immunomodulatory and antiinflammatory properties of immunoglobulin G antibodies. Immunol Rev. 2024;328(1):372-386. doi: 10.1111/imr.13404Hematianlarki M, Nimmerjahn F. Immunomodulatory and antiinflammatory properties of immunoglobulin G antibodies. Immunol Rev. 2024;328(1):372-386. doi: 10.1111/imr.13404Danieli MG, Claudi I, Buti E, Gammeri L, Gangemi S, Shoenfeld YJ. Natural autoantibodies and their functional therapeutic roles in intravenous immunoglobulin. Front Aging. 2025;6:1682457. doi: 10.3389/fragi.2025.1682457Danieli MG, Claudi I, Buti E, Gammeri L, Gangemi S, Shoenfeld YJ. Natural autoantibodies and their functional therapeutic roles in intravenous immunoglobulin. Front Aging. 2025;6:1682457. doi: 10.3389/fragi.2025.1682457Rambabu N, Alzaid F, Anđelković BD, Retnakumar SV, Karnam A, Bonam SR, et al. Regulation of immune cell metabolism by therapeutic normal IgG intravenous immunoglobulin. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2025;156(2):418-432. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2025.05.003Rambabu N, Alzaid F, Anđelković BD, Retnakumar SV, Karnam A, Bonam SR, et al. Regulation of immune cell metabolism by therapeutic normal IgG intravenous immunoglobulin. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2025;156(2):418-432. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2025.05.003Kaufman GN, Massoud AH, Dembele M, Yona M, Piccirillo CA, Mazer BD. Induction of regulatory T cells by intravenous immunoglobulin: A bridge between adaptive and innate immunity. Front Immunol. 2015;6:469. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00469Kaufman GN, Massoud AH, Dembele M, Yona M, Piccirillo CA, Mazer BD. Induction of regulatory T cells by intravenous immunoglobulin: A bridge between adaptive and innate immunity. Front Immunol. 2015;6:469. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00469Насонов ЕЛ, Александрова ЕН, Авдеева АС, Рубцов ЮП. Т-регуляторные клетки при ревматоидном артрите. Научнопрактическая ревматология. 2014;52(4):430-437 doi: 10.14412/1995-4484-2014-430-437Nasonov EL, Aleksandrova EN, Avdeeva AS, Rubtsov YuP. T-regulatory cells in rheumatoid arthritis. Nauchno-Prakticheskaya Revmatologia = Rheumatology Science and Practice. 2014;52(4):430-437 (In Russ.). doi: 10.14412/1995-4484-2014-430-437Dominguez-Villar M, Hafler DA. Regulatory T cells in autoimmune disease. Nat Immunol. 2018;19(7):665-673. doi: 10.1038/s41590-018-0120-4Dominguez-Villar M, Hafler DA. Regulatory T cells in autoimmune disease. Nat Immunol. 2018;19(7):665-673. doi: 10.1038/s41590-018-0120-4Sakthiswary R, D’Cruz D. Intravenous immunoglobulin in the therapeutic armamentarium of systemic lupus erythematosus:A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2014;93(16):e86. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000000086Sakthiswary R, D’Cruz D. Intravenous immunoglobulin in the therapeutic armamentarium of systemic lupus erythematosus:A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2014;93(16):e86. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000000086Goodfield M, Davison K, Bowden K. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) for therapy-resistant cutaneous lupus erythematosus (LE). J Dermatolog Treat. 2004;15(1):46-50. doi: 10.1080/09541440042000269Goodfield M, Davison K, Bowden K. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) for therapy-resistant cutaneous lupus erythematosus (LE). J Dermatolog Treat. 2004;15(1):46-50. doi: 10.1080/09541440042000269Kaya MN, Kılıç Ö, Canbaş M, Özgünen MS, Güneş EÇ, Yılmaz S. Role of intravenous immunoglobulins in the management of systemic lupus erythematosus: A single-centre experience. Lupus Sci Med. 2024;11(2):e001402. doi: 10.1136/lupus-2024-001402Kaya MN, Kılıç Ö, Canbaş M, Özgünen MS, Güneş EÇ, Yılmaz S. Role of intravenous immunoglobulins in the management of systemic lupus erythematosus: A single-centre experience. Lupus Sci Med. 2024;11(2):e001402. doi: 10.1136/lupus-2024-001402Primo-Gabriel C, García-Gómez C, Calvo-Alén J. Systematic literature review of intravenous immunoglobulin use in non-renal and non-hematologic systemic lupus erytehmatosus. Lupus. 2025;34(3):261-269. doi: 10.1177/09612033251319402Primo-Gabriel C, García-Gómez C, Calvo-Alén J. Systematic literature review of intravenous immunoglobulin use in non-renal and non-hematologic systemic lupus erytehmatosus. Lupus. 2025;34(3):261-269. doi: 10.1177/09612033251319402Nieto-Aristizábal I, Martínez T, Urbano MA, Posso-Osorio I, Plata IF, Garcia-Robledo JE, et al. Treatment with intravenous immunoglobulins in systemic lupus erythematosus: A single-center experience with 63 patients. Lupus. 2019;28(13):1566-1570. doi: 10.1177/0961203319883680Nieto-Aristizábal I, Martínez T, Urbano MA, Posso-Osorio I, Plata IF, Garcia-Robledo JE, et al. Treatment with intravenous immunoglobulins in systemic lupus erythematosus: A single-center experience with 63 patients. Lupus. 2019;28(13):1566-1570. doi: 10.1177/0961203319883680Camara I, Sciascia S, Simoes J, Pazzola G, Salas V, Karim Y, et al. Treatment with intravenous immunoglobulins in systemic lupus erythematosus: A series of 52 patients from a single centre. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2014;32(1):41-47.Camara I, Sciascia S, Simoes J, Pazzola G, Salas V, Karim Y, et al. Treatment with intravenous immunoglobulins in systemic lupus erythematosus: A series of 52 patients from a single centre. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2014;32(1):41-47.Cajamarca-Barón J, Buitrago-Bohórquez J, Mendoza Orozco JE, Segura O, Guavita-Navarro D, Gallego-Cardona L, et al. Efficacy and safety of intravenous immunoglobulin in patients with lupus nephritis: A systematic review of the literature. Autoimmun Rev. 2022;21(11):103182. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2022.103182Cajamarca-Barón J, Buitrago-Bohórquez J, Mendoza Orozco JE, Segura O, Guavita-Navarro D, Gallego-Cardona L, et al. Efficacy and safety of intravenous immunoglobulin in patients with lupus nephritis: A systematic review of the literature. Autoimmun Rev. 2022;21(11):103182. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2022.103182Koczanowski S, Morrisroe K, Fairley J, Nikpour M, Oon S, Brown Z. Role of intravenous immunoglobulins in systemic sclerosis (SSc): A systematic literature review. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2024;68:152471. doi: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2024.152471Koczanowski S, Morrisroe K, Fairley J, Nikpour M, Oon S, Brown Z. Role of intravenous immunoglobulins in systemic sclerosis (SSc): A systematic literature review. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2024;68:152471. doi: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2024.152471Neto M, Albuquerque F, Oliveira J, Cadório MJ, Salvador MJ, Santiago T. Efficacy assessment of intravenous immunoglobulin for gastrointestinal involvement in systemic sclerosis using UCLA SCTC GIT: Case-based review. J Scleroderma Relat Disord. 2024 Oct 1:23971983241273852. doi: 10.1177/23971983241273852Neto M, Albuquerque F, Oliveira J, Cadório MJ, Salvador MJ, Santiago T. Efficacy assessment of intravenous immunoglobulin for gastrointestinal involvement in systemic sclerosis using UCLA SCTC GIT: Case-based review. J Scleroderma Relat Disord. 2024 Oct 1:23971983241273852. doi: 10.1177/23971983241273852Tandaipan J, Guillén-Del-Castillo A, Simeón-Aznar CP, Carreira PE, De la Puente C, Narváez J, et al. Immunoglobulins in systemic sclerosis management. A large multicenter experience. Autoimmun Rev. 2023;22(11):103441. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2023.103441Tandaipan J, Guillén-Del-Castillo A, Simeón-Aznar CP, Carreira PE, De la Puente C, Narváez J, et al. Immunoglobulins in systemic sclerosis management. A large multicenter experience. Autoimmun Rev. 2023;22(11):103441. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2023.103441Crickx E, Machelart I, Lazaro E, Kahn JE, Cohen-Aubart F, Martin T, et al.; French Vasculitis Study Group. Intravenous immunoglobulin as an immunomodulating agent in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitides: A French nationwide study of ninety-two patients. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2016;68(3):702-712. doi: 10.1002/art.39472Crickx E, Machelart I, Lazaro E, Kahn JE, Cohen-Aubart F, Martin T, et al.; French Vasculitis Study Group. Intravenous immunoglobulin as an immunomodulating agent in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitides: A French nationwide study of ninety-two patients. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2016;68(3):702-712. doi: 10.1002/art.39472Benavides-Villanueva F, Loricera J, Calvo-Río V, CorralesSelaya C, Castañeda S, Blanco R. Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis. Eur J Intern Med. 2023;117:78-84. doi: 10.1016/j.ejim.2023.06.021Benavides-Villanueva F, Loricera J, Calvo-Río V, CorralesSelaya C, Castañeda S, Blanco R. Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis. Eur J Intern Med. 2023;117:78-84. doi: 10.1016/j.ejim.2023.06.021Shimizu T, Morita T, Kumanogoh A. The therapeutic efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulin in anti-neutrophilic cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis: A meta-analysis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2020;59:959-967. doi: 10.1093/RHEUMATOLOGY/KEZ311Shimizu T, Morita T, Kumanogoh A. The therapeutic efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulin in anti-neutrophilic cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis: A meta-analysis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2020;59:959-967. doi: 10.1093/RHEUMATOLOGY/ KEZ311Danieli MG, Cappelli M, Malcangi G, Logullo F, Salvi A, Danieli G. Long term effectiveness of intravenous immunoglobulin in Churg-Strauss syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis. 2004;63(12):1649-1654. doi: 10.1136/ard.2003.015453Danieli MG, Cappelli M, Malcangi G, Logullo F, Salvi A, Danieli G. Long term effectiveness of intravenous immunoglobulin in Churg-Strauss syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis. 2004;63(12):1649-1654. doi: 10.1136/ard.2003.015453Koike H, Akiyama K, Saito T, Sobue G; Research Group for IVIg for EGPA/CSS in Japan. Intravenous immunoglobulin for chronic residual peripheral neuropathy in eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Churg-Strauss syndrome): a multicenter, doubleblind trial. J Neurol. 2015;262(3):752-9. doi: 10.1007/s00415-0147618-y.Koike H, Akiyama K, Saito T, Sobue G; Research Group for IVIg for EGPA/CSS in Japan. Intravenous immunoglobulin for chronic residual peripheral neuropathy in eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Churg-Strauss syndrome): a multicenter, doubleblind trial. J Neurol. 2015;262(3):752-9. doi: 10.1007/s00415-0147618-y.Gao Y, Jin H. Efficacy and safety of intravenous immunoglobulin for treating refractory livedoid vasculopathy: A systematic review. Ther Adv Chronic Dis. 2022;13:20406223221097331. doi: 10.1177/20406223221097331Gao Y, Jin H. Efficacy and safety of intravenous immunoglobulin for treating refractory livedoid vasculopathy: A systematic review. Ther Adv Chronic Dis. 2022;13:20406223221097331. doi: 10.1177/20406223221097331Kim EJ, Yoon SY, Park HS, Yoon HS, Cho S. Pulsed intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in refractory ulcerated livedoid vasculopathy: Seven cases and a literature review. Dermatol Ther. 2015;28(5):287-290. doi: 10.1111/dth.12233Kim EJ, Yoon SY, Park HS, Yoon HS, Cho S. Pulsed intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in refractory ulcerated livedoid vasculopathy: Seven cases and a literature review. Dermatol Ther. 2015;28(5):287-290. doi: 10.1111/dth.12233Goswami RP, Haldar SN, Chatterjee M, Vij P, van der Kooi AJ, Lim J, et al. Efficacy and safety of intravenous and subcutaneous immunoglobulin therapy in idiopathic inflammatory myopathy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Autoimmun Rev. 2022;21(2):102997. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2021.102997Goswami RP, Haldar SN, Chatterjee M, Vij P, van der Kooi AJ, Lim J, et al. Efficacy and safety of intravenous and subcutaneous immunoglobulin therapy in idiopathic inflammatory myopathy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Autoimmun Rev. 2022;21(2):102997. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2021.102997Galimberti F, Kooistra L, Li Y, Chatterjee S, Fernandez AP. Intravenous immunoglobulin is an effective treatment for refractory cutaneous dermatomyositis. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2018;43(8):906-912. doi: 10.1111/ced.13607Galimberti F, Kooistra L, Li Y, Chatterjee S, Fernandez AP. Intravenous immunoglobulin is an effective treatment for refractory cutaneous dermatomyositis. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2018;43(8):906-912. doi: 10.1111/ced.13607Marie I, Menard JF, Hatron PY, Hachulla E, Mouthon L, Tiev K, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulins for steroid-refractory esophageal involvement related to polymyositis and dermatomyositis: A series of 73 patients. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2010;62(12):1748-1755. doi: 10.1002/acr.20325Marie I, Menard JF, Hatron PY, Hachulla E, Mouthon L, Tiev K, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulins for steroid-refractory esophageal involvement related to polymyositis and dermatomyositis: A series of 73 patients. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2010;62(12):1748-1755. doi: 10.1002/acr.20325Bounfour T, Bouaziz JD, Bézier M, Cordoliani F, Saussine A, Petit A, et al. Clinical efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulins for the treatment of dermatomyositis skin lesions without muscle disease. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2014;28(9):1150-1157. doi: 10.1111/jdv.12223Bounfour T, Bouaziz JD, Bézier M, Cordoliani F, Saussine A, Petit A, et al. Clinical efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulins for the treatment of dermatomyositis skin lesions without muscle disease. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2014;28(9):1150-1157. doi: 10.1111/jdv.12223Raaphorst J, Gullick NJ, Shokraneh F, Brassington R, Min M, Ali SS, et al. Non-targeted immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory therapies for idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2025;8(8):CD015855. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD015855Raaphorst J, Gullick NJ, Shokraneh F, Brassington R, Min M, Ali SS, et al. Non-targeted immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory therapies for idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2025;8(8):CD015855. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD015855Lim J, Eftimov F, Verhamme C, Brusse E, Hoogendijk JE, Saris CGJ, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulins as first-line treatment in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: A pilot study. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2021;60(4):1784-1792. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/keaa459Lim J, Eftimov F, Verhamme C, Brusse E, Hoogendijk JE, Saris CGJ, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulins as first-line treatment in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: A pilot study. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2021;60(4):1784-1792. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/keaa459Aggarwal R, Charles-Schoeman C, Schessl J, Bata-Csörgő Z, Dimachkie MM, Griger Z, et al.; ProDERM Trial Group. Trial of intravenous immune globulin in dermatomyositis. N Engl J Med. 2022;387(14):1264-1278. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2117912Aggarwal R, Charles-Schoeman C, Schessl J, Bata-Csörgő Z, Dimachkie MM, Griger Z, et al.; ProDERM Trial Group. Trial of intravenous immune globulin in dermatomyositis. N Engl J Med. 2022;387(14):1264-1278. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2117912Aggarwal R, Schessl J, Bata-Csörgő Z, Dimachkie MM, Griger Z, Moiseev S, et al.; ProDERM investigators. Efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulin for systemic manifestations of dermatomyositis beyond muscular and cutaneous: Sub-analysis of the ProDERM study. Rheumatol Ther. 2025;12(5):855-871. doi: 10.1007/s40744025-00775-5Aggarwal R, Schessl J, Bata-Csörgő Z, Dimachkie MM, Griger Z, Moiseev S, et al.; ProDERM investigators. Efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulin for systemic manifestations of dermatomyositis beyond muscular and cutaneous: Sub-analysis of the ProDERM study. Rheumatol Ther. 2025;12(5):855-871. doi: 10.1007/s40744025-00775-5Aggarwal R, Schessl J, Charles-Schoeman C, Bata-Csörgő Z, Dimachkie MM, Griger Z, et al.; ProDERM investigators. Safety and tolerability of intravenous immunoglobulin in patients with active dermatomyositis: Results from the randomised, placebo-controlled ProDERM study. Arthritis Res Ther. 2024;26(1):27. doi: 10.1186/s13075-023-03232-2Aggarwal R, Schessl J, Charles-Schoeman C, Bata-Csörgő Z, Dimachkie MM, Griger Z, et al.; ProDERM investigators. Safety and tolerability of intravenous immunoglobulin in patients with active dermatomyositis: Results from the randomised, placebo-controlled ProDERM study. Arthritis Res Ther. 2024;26(1):27. doi: 10.1186/s13075-023-03232-2Werth VP, Aggarwal R, Charles-Schoeman C, Schessl J, Levine T, Kopasz N, et al. Efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIg) in improving skin symptoms in patients with dermatomyositis: A post-hoc analysis of the ProDERM study. EClinicalMedicine. 2023;64:102234. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.102234Werth VP, Aggarwal R, Charles-Schoeman C, Schessl J, Levine T, Kopasz N, et al. Efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIg) in improving skin symptoms in patients with dermatomyositis: A post-hoc analysis of the ProDERM study. EClinicalMedicine. 2023;64:102234. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.102234Ronicke M, Sollfrank L, Vitus MV, Walter LJ, Krieter M, Moelleken M, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for pyoderma gangrenosum: A multicenter retrospective analysis in 81 patients. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2025;26(1):139-146. doi: 10.1007/s40257-02400904-wRonicke M, Sollfrank L, Vitus MV, Walter LJ, Krieter M, Moelleken M, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for pyoderma gangrenosum: A multicenter retrospective analysis in 81 patients. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2025;26(1):139-146. doi: 10.1007/s40257-02400904-wKaul A, Gordon C, Crow MK, Touma Z, Urowitz MB, van Vollenhoven R, et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2016;2:16039. doi: 10.1038/nrdp.2016.39Kaul A, Gordon C, Crow MK, Touma Z, Urowitz MB, van Vollenhoven R, et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2016;2:16039. doi: 10.1038/nrdp.2016.39Насонов ЕЛ, Соловьев СК, Аршинов АВ. Системная красная волчанка: история и современность. Научно-практическая ревматология. 2022;60(4):397-412. doi: 10.47360/19954484-2022-397-412Nasonov EL, Soloviev SK, Arshinov AV. Systemic lupus erythematosus: History and modernity. Nauchno-Prakticheskaya Revmatologia = Rheumatology Science and Practice. 2022;60(4):397-412 (In Russ.). doi: 10.47360/19954484-2022-397-412Scherlinger M, Kolios AGA, Kyttaris VC, Tsokos GC. Advances in the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2025 Jul 17. doi: 10.1038/s41573-025-01242-0Scherlinger M, Kolios AGA, Kyttaris VC, Tsokos GC. Advances in the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2025 Jul 17. doi: 10.1038/s41573-025-01242-0Namas R, Abdulla FA, Elarabi M. Intravenous immunoglobulin in the management of refractory lupus profundus. Lupus. 2022;31(8):1012-1016. doi: 10.1177/09612033221099873Namas R, Abdulla FA, Elarabi M. Intravenous immunoglobulin in the management of refractory lupus profundus. Lupus. 2022;31(8):1012-1016. doi: 10.1177/09612033221099873Espírito Santo J, Gomes MF, Gomes MJ, Peixoto L, C Pereira S, Acabado A, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin in lupus panniculitis. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2010;38(2-3):307-318. doi: 10.1007/s12016-009-8162-xEspírito Santo J, Gomes MF, Gomes MJ, Peixoto L, C Pereira S, Acabado A, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin in lupus panniculitis. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2010;38(2-3):307-318. doi: 10.1007/s12016-009-8162-xAl Qadri NG, Al Nooh B, Al Tewerki MM, Almotairi A, Alajlan S. Intravenous immunoglobulin in the management of lupus erythematosus panniculitis. Cureus. 2020;12(1):e6790. doi: 10.7759/cureus.6790Al Qadri NG, Al Nooh B, Al Tewerki MM, Almotairi A, Alajlan S. Intravenous immunoglobulin in the management of lupus erythematosus panniculitis. Cureus. 2020;12(1):e6790. doi: 10.7759/cureus.6790Meridor K, Shoenfeld Y, Tayer-Shifman O, Levy Y. Lupus acute cardiomyopathy is highly responsive to intravenous immunoglobulin treatment: Case series and literature review. Medicine (Baltimore). 2021;100(18):e25591. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000025591Meridor K, Shoenfeld Y, Tayer-Shifman O, Levy Y. Lupus acute cardiomyopathy is highly responsive to intravenous immunoglobulin treatment: Case series and literature review. Medicine (Baltimore). 2021;100(18):e25591. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000025591Sherer Y, Levy Y, Shoenfeld Y. Marked improvement of severe cardiac dysfunction after one course of intravenous immunoglobulin in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Rheumatol. 1999;18(3):238-240. doi: 10.1007/s100670050091Sherer Y, Levy Y, Shoenfeld Y. Marked improvement of severe cardiac dysfunction after one course of intravenous immunoglobulin in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Rheumatol. 1999;18(3):238-240. doi: 10.1007/s100670050091Sherer Y, Levy Y, Shoenfeld Y. Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy of antiphospholipid syndrome. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2000 Apr;39(4):421-6. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/39.4.421.Sherer Y, Levy Y, Shoenfeld Y. Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy of antiphospholipid syndrome. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2000 Apr;39(4):421-6. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/39.4.421.Tenti S, Cheleschi S, Guidelli GM, Galeazzi M, Fioravanti A. Intravenous immunoglobulins and antiphospholipid syndrome: How, when and why? A review of the literature. Autoimmun Rev. 2016;15(3):226-235. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2015.11.009Tenti S, Cheleschi S, Guidelli GM, Galeazzi M, Fioravanti A. Intravenous immunoglobulins and antiphospholipid syndrome: How, when and why? A review of the literature. Autoimmun Rev. 2016;15(3):226-235. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2015.11.009Lalmahomed TA, Walter IJ, Lely AT, Bloemenkamp KWM, Kooiman J, Limper M. On the use of intravenous immunoglobulins for the treatment of the antiphospholipid syndrome – A systematic review and meta-analysis. Autoimmun Rev. 2021;20(6):102828. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2021.102828Lalmahomed TA, Walter IJ, Lely AT, Bloemenkamp KWM, Kooiman J, Limper M. On the use of intravenous immunoglobulins for the treatment of the antiphospholipid syndrome – A systematic review and meta-analysis. Autoimmun Rev. 2021;20(6):102828. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2021.102828Rodriguez-Pintó I, Espinosa G, Cervera R. What we know and what we don’t know about catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2024;63(SI):SI46-SI53. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/kead556Rodriguez-Pintó I, Espinosa G, Cervera R. What we know and what we don’t know about catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2024;63(SI):SI46-SI53. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/kead556Urban ML, Bettiol A, Serena C, Comito C, Turrini I, Fruttuoso S, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin for the secondary prevention of stillbirth in obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome: A case series and systematic review of literature. Autoimmun Rev. 2020;19(9):102620. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102620Urban ML, Bettiol A, Serena C, Comito C, Turrini I, Fruttuoso S, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin for the secondary prevention of stillbirth in obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome: A case series and systematic review of literature. Autoimmun Rev. 2020;19(9):102620. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102620Kaneko K, Tsutsumi S, Fujita D, Sugiura-Ogasawara M, Mitsuda N, Matsubara K, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin treatment for obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome refractory to conventional therapy: A single-arm, open-labelled multicentre clinical trial. Mod Rheumatol. 2024;34(3):515-522. doi: 10.1093/mr/road062Kaneko K, Tsutsumi S, Fujita D, Sugiura-Ogasawara M, Mitsuda N, Matsubara K, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin treatment for obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome refractory to conventional therapy: A single-arm, open-labelled multicentre clinical trial. Mod Rheumatol. 2024;34(3):515-522. doi: 10.1093/mr/road062Yuan X, Zhang W, Wang T, Jiang P, Wang ZK, Li CQ. Use of intravenous immunoglobulin in antiphospholipid antibody positive patients with high risk of miscarriage: A systematic review and metaanalysis. Peer J. 2024;12:e18419. doi: 10.7717/peerj.18419Yuan X, Zhang W, Wang T, Jiang P, Wang ZK, Li CQ. Use of intravenous immunoglobulin in antiphospholipid antibody positive patients with high risk of miscarriage: A systematic review and metaanalysis. Peer J. 2024;12:e18419. doi: 10.7717/peerj.18419Nagata M, Kaneko K, Kohno C, Mishima S, Okazaki Y, Murashima A. A case of successful pregnancy following multidrug treatment including rituximab and intravenous immunoglobulin for primary antiphospholipid antibody syndrome refractory to conventional treatment. Mod Rheumatol Case Rep. 2020;4(1):47-50. doi: 10.1080/24725625.2019.1648633Nagata M, Kaneko K, Kohno C, Mishima S, Okazaki Y, Murashima A. A case of successful pregnancy following multidrug treatment including rituximab and intravenous immunoglobulin for primary antiphospholipid antibody syndrome refractory to conventional treatment. Mod Rheumatol Case Rep. 2020;4(1):47-50. doi: 10.1080/24725625.2019.1648633Dombernowsky NW, Nielsen EN, Law I, Nielsen JE. Beneficial effect of intravenous immunoglobulin treatment in a patient with antiphospholipid syndrome associated chorea. J Neurol Sci. 2018;390:52-53. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2018.04.011Dombernowsky NW, Nielsen EN, Law I, Nielsen JE. Beneficial effect of intravenous immunoglobulin treatment in a patient with antiphospholipid syndrome associated chorea. J Neurol Sci. 2018;390:52-53. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2018.04.011Santos G, João A, Sousa L. Leg ulcers in antiphospholipid syndrome secondary to systemic lupus erythematosus treated with intravenous immunoglobulin. J Dermatol Case Rep. 2014;8(2):38-41. doi: 10.3315/jdcr.2014.1169Santos G, João A, Sousa L. Leg ulcers in antiphospholipid syndrome secondary to systemic lupus erythematosus treated with intravenous immunoglobulin. J Dermatol Case Rep. 2014;8(2):38-41. doi: 10.3315/jdcr.2014.1169Gouda W, Alsaqabi F, Moshrif A, Abbas AS, Abdel-Aziz TM, Islam MA. Macrophage activation syndrome triggered by systemic lupus erythematosus flare: Successful treatment with a combination of dexamethasone sodium phosphate, intravenous immuno-globulin, and cyclosporine: A case report. J Med Case Rep. 2021;15(1):497. doi: 10.1186/s13256-021-03072-1Gouda W, Alsaqabi F, Moshrif A, Abbas AS, Abdel-Aziz TM, Islam MA. Macrophage activation syndrome triggered by systemic lupus erythematosus flare: Successful treatment with a combination of dexamethasone sodium phosphate, intravenous immuno-globulin, and cyclosporine: A case report. J Med Case Rep. 2021;15(1):497. doi: 10.1186/s13256-021-03072-1Volkmann ER, Andréasson K, Smith V. Systemic sclerosis. Lancet. 2023;401(10373):304-318. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01692-0Volkmann ER, Andréasson K, Smith V. Systemic sclerosis. Lancet. 2023;401(10373):304-318. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01692-0Blank M, Levy Y, Amital H, Shoenfeld Y, Pines M, Genina O. The role of intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in mediating skin fibrosis in tight skin mice. Arthritis Rheum. 2002;46(6):1689-1690. doi: 10.1002/art.10363Blank M, Levy Y, Amital H, Shoenfeld Y, Pines M, Genina O. The role of intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in mediating skin fibrosis in tight skin mice. Arthritis Rheum. 2002;46(6):1689-1690. doi: 10.1002/art.10363Speca S, Farhat MM, Jendoubi M, Guerrier T, Sanges S, Staumont-Sallé D, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulins improve skin fibrosis in experimental models of systemic sclerosis. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):15102. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-42464-9Speca S, Farhat MM, Jendoubi M, Guerrier T, Sanges S, Staumont-Sallé D, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulins improve skin fibrosis in experimental models of systemic sclerosis. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):15102. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-42464-9Raja J, Nihtyanova SI, Murray CD, Denton CP, Ong VH. Sustained benefit from intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for gastrointestinal involvement in systemic sclerosis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2016;55:115-119. doi: 10.1093/RHEUMATOLOGY/KEV318Raja J, Nihtyanova SI, Murray CD, Denton CP, Ong VH. Sustained benefit from intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for gastrointestinal involvement in systemic sclerosis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2016;55:115-119. doi: 10.1093/ RHEUMATOLOGY/KEV318Matsuda KM, Yoshizaki A, Kuzumi A, Toyama S, Awaji K, Miyake T, et al. Rapid improvement of systemic sclerosis-associated intestinal pseudo-obstruction with intravenous immunoglobulin administration. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2023;62(9):3139-3145. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/kead093Matsuda KM, Yoshizaki A, Kuzumi A, Toyama S, Awaji K, Miyake T, et al. Rapid improvement of systemic sclerosis-associated intestinal pseudo-obstruction with intravenous immunoglobulin administration. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2023;62(9):3139-3145. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/kead093Kumar S, Singh J, Kedika R, Mendoza F, Jimenez SA, Blomain ES, et al. Role of muscarinic-3 receptor antibody in systemic sclerosis: Correlation with disease duration and effects of IVIG. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2016;310(11):G1052-G1060. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.00034.2016Kumar S, Singh J, Kedika R, Mendoza F, Jimenez SA, Blomain ES, et al. Role of muscarinic-3 receptor antibody in systemic sclerosis: Correlation with disease duration and effects of IVIG. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2016;310(11):G1052-G1060. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.00034.2016Kronbichler A, Bajema IM, Bruchfeld A, Mastroianni Kirsztajn G, Stone JH. Diagnosis and management of ANCA-associated vasculitis. Lancet. 2024;403(10427):683-698. doi: 10.1016/S01406736(23)01736-1Kronbichler A, Bajema IM, Bruchfeld A, Mastroianni Kirsztajn G, Stone JH. Diagnosis and management of ANCA-associated vasculitis. Lancet. 2024;403(10427):683-698. doi: 10.1016/S01406736(23)01736-1Kierzkowska B, Lipińska J, Barańska D, Niewiadomska-Jarosik K, Biernacka-Zielińska M, et al. Takayasu’s arteritis mimicking Kawasaki disease in 7-month-old infant, successfully treated with glucocorticosteroids and intravenous immunoglobulins. Rheumatol Int. 2012;32(11):3655-3659. doi: 10.1007/s00296-010-1518-yKierzkowska B, Lipińska J, Barańska D, Niewiadomska-Jarosik K, Biernacka-Zielińska M, et al. Takayasu’s arteritis mimicking Kawasaki disease in 7-month-old infant, successfully treated with glucocorticosteroids and intravenous immunoglobulins. Rheumatol Int. 2012;32(11):3655-3659. doi: 10.1007/s00296-010-1518-yAsano Y, Ihn H, Maekawa T, Kadono T, Tamaki K. High-dose intravenous immunoglobulin infusion in polyarteritis nodosa: Report on one case and review of the literature. Clin Rheumatol. 2006;25:396-398. doi: 10.1007/S10067-005-0015-2Asano Y, Ihn H, Maekawa T, Kadono T, Tamaki K. High-dose intravenous immunoglobulin infusion in polyarteritis nodosa: Report on one case and review of the literature. Clin Rheumatol. 2006;25:396-398. doi: 10.1007/S10067-005-0015-2Uziel Y, Silverman ED. Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in a child with cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1998;16:187-189.Uziel Y, Silverman ED. Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in a child with cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1998;16:187-189.Marie I, Miranda S, Girszyn N, Soubrane JC, Vandhuick T, Levesque H. Intravenous immunoglobulins as treatment of severe cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa. Intern Med J. 2012;42:459-462. doi: 10.1111/J.1445-5994.2012.02739.XMarie I, Miranda S, Girszyn N, Soubrane JC, Vandhuick T, Levesque H. Intravenous immunoglobulins as treatment of severe cutaneous polyarteritis nodosa. Intern Med J. 2012;42:459-462. doi: 10.1111/J.1445-5994.2012.02739.XBalbir-Gurman A, Nahir AM, Braun-Moscovici Y. Intravenous immunoglobulins in polyarteritis nodosa restricted to the limbs: Case reports and review of the literature. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2007;25:S28-S30.Balbir-Gurman A, Nahir AM, Braun-Moscovici Y. Intravenous immunoglobulins in polyarteritis nodosa restricted to the limbs: Case reports and review of the literature. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2007;25:S28-S30.Öner N, Çelikel E, Tekin ZE, Güngörer V, Kurt T, Tekgöz PN, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in immunoglobulin A vasculitis with gastrointestinal tract involvement. Clin Exp Med. 2023;23(5):1773-1782. doi: 10.1007/s10238-022-00950-wÖner N, Çelikel E, Tekin ZE, Güngörer V, Kurt T, Tekgöz PN, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in immunoglobulin A vasculitis with gastrointestinal tract involvement. Clin Exp Med. 2023;23(5):1773-1782. doi: 10.1007/s10238-022-00950-wMauro A, Mauro S, Rega R, Martemucci L, Sottile R. Successful treatment of hemorrhagic bullous Henoch-Schonlein purpura with intravenous immunoglobulins. Pediatr Dermatol. 2019;36:e34-e36. doi: 10.1111/PDE.13715Mauro A, Mauro S, Rega R, Martemucci L, Sottile R. Successful treatment of hemorrhagic bullous Henoch-Schonlein purpura with intravenous immunoglobulins. Pediatr Dermatol. 2019;36:e34-e36. doi: 10.1111/PDE.13715Cantarini L, Stromillo ML, Vitale A, Lopalco G, Emmi G, Silvestri E, et al. Efficacy and safety of intravenous immunoglobulin treatment in refractory Behcet’s disease with different organ involvement: A case series. Isr Med Assoc J. 2016;18(3-4):238-242.Cantarini L, Stromillo ML, Vitale A, Lopalco G, Emmi G, Silvestri E, et al. Efficacy and safety of intravenous immunoglobulin treatment in refractory Behcet’s disease with different organ involvement: A case series. Isr Med Assoc J. 2016;18(3-4):238-242.Seider N, Beiran I, Scharf J, Miller B. Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for resistant ocular Behçet’s disease. Br J Ophthalmol. 2001;85(11):1287-1288. doi: 10.1136/bjo.85.11.1287Seider N, Beiran I, Scharf J, Miller B. Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for resistant ocular Behçet’s disease. Br J Ophthalmol. 2001;85(11):1287-1288. doi: 10.1136/bjo.85.11.1287Lundberg IE, Fujimoto M, Vencovsky J, Aggarwal R, Holmqvist M, Christopher-Stine L, et al. Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2021;7(1):86. doi: 10.1038/s41572-021-00321-xLundberg IE, Fujimoto M, Vencovsky J, Aggarwal R, Holmqvist M, Christopher-Stine L, et al. Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2021;7(1):86. doi: 10.1038/s41572-021-00321-xDalakas MC, Illa I, Dambrosia JM, Soueidan SA, Stein DP, Otero C, et al. A controlled trial of high-dose intravenous immune globulin infusions as treatment for dermatomyositis. N Engl J Med. 1993;329(27):1993-2000. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199312303292704Dalakas MC, Illa I, Dambrosia JM, Soueidan SA, Stein DP, Otero C, et al. A controlled trial of high-dose intravenous immune globulin infusions as treatment for dermatomyositis. N Engl J Med. 1993;329(27):1993-2000. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199312303292704Patwardhan A. The value of intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in idiopathic inflammatory myositis in the current transformed era of biologics. Cureus. 2020;12(2):e7049. doi: 10.7759/cureus.7049Patwardhan A. The value of intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in idiopathic inflammatory myositis in the current transformed era of biologics. Cureus. 2020;12(2):e7049. doi: 10.7759/cureus.7049Gandiga PC, Ghetie D, Anderson E, Aggrawal R. Intravenous immunoglobulin in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: A practical guide for clinical use. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2023;25(8):152-168. doi: 10.1007/s11926-023-01105-wGandiga PC, Ghetie D, Anderson E, Aggrawal R. Intravenous immunoglobulin in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: A practical guide for clinical use. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2023;25(8):152-168. doi: 10.1007/s11926-023-01105-wCharles-Schoeman C, Schessl J, Bata-Csörgő Z, Dimachkie MM, Griger Z, Moiseev S, et al. Predictors of response to intravenous immunoglobulin in patients with dermatomyositis: The ProDERM study. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2025;64(6):3767-3776. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/keaf070Charles-Schoeman C, Schessl J, Bata-Csörgő Z, Dimachkie MM, Griger Z, Moiseev S, et al. Predictors of response to intravenous immunoglobulin in patients with dermatomyositis: The ProDERM study. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2025;64(6):3767-3776. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/keaf070Danieli MG, Tonacci A, Paladini A, Longhi E, Moroncini G, Allegra A, et al. A machine learning analysis to predict the response to intravenous and subcutaneous immunoglobulin in inflammatory myopathies. A proposal for a future multi-omics approach in autoimmune diseases. Autoimmun Rev. 2022;21(6):103105. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2022.103105Danieli MG, Tonacci A, Paladini A, Longhi E, Moroncini G, Allegra A, et al. A machine learning analysis to predict the response to intravenous and subcutaneous immunoglobulin in inflammatory myopathies. A proposal for a future multi-omics approach in autoimmune diseases. Autoimmun Rev. 2022;21(6):103105. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2022.103105Sunderkötter C, Nast A, Worm M, Dengler R, Dörner T, Ganter H, et al. Guidelines on dermatomyositis – excerpt from the interdisciplinary S2k guidelines on myositis syndromes by the German Society of Neurology. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2016;14(3):321-338. doi: 10.1111/ddg.12909Sunderkötter C, Nast A, Worm M, Dengler R, Dörner T, Ganter H, et al. Guidelines on dermatomyositis – excerpt from the interdisciplinary S2k guidelines on myositis syndromes by the German Society of Neurology. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2016;14(3):321-338. doi: 10.1111/ddg.12909Allenbach Y, Mammen AL, Benveniste O, Stenzel W; ImmuneMediated Necrotizing Myopathies Working Group. 224th ENMC International Workshop: Clinico-sero-pathological classification of immune-mediated necrotizing myopathies Zandvoort, The Netherlands, 14–16 October 2016. Neuromuscul Disord. 2018;28(1):87-99. doi: 10.1016/j.nmd.2017.09.016Allenbach Y, Mammen AL, Benveniste O, Stenzel W; ImmuneMediated Necrotizing Myopathies Working Group. 224th ENMC International Workshop: Clinico-sero-pathological classification of immune-mediated necrotizing myopathies Zandvoort, The Netherlands, 14–16 October 2016. Neuromuscul Disord. 2018;28(1):87-99. doi: 10.1016/j.nmd.2017.09.016De Souza FHC, de Araújo DB, Vilela VS, Simões RS, Bernardo WM, Frank TA, et al. The Brazilian Society of Rheumatology recommendations on investigation and diagnosis of systemic autoimmune myopathies. Adv Rheumatol. 2019;59(1):42. doi: 10.1186/s42358-019-0085-5De Souza FHC, de Araújo DB, Vilela VS, Simões RS, Bernardo WM, Frank TA, et al. The Brazilian Society of Rheumatology recommendations on investigation and diagnosis of systemic autoimmune myopathies. Adv Rheumatol. 2019;59(1):42. doi: 10.1186/s42358-019-0085-5Kohsaka H, Mimori T, Kanda T, Shimizu J, Sunada Y, Fujimoto M, et al. Treatment consensus for management of polymyositis and dermatomyositis among rheumatologists, neurologists and dermatologists. J Dermatol. 2019;46(1):e1-e18. doi: 10.1111/1346-8138.14604Kohsaka H, Mimori T, Kanda T, Shimizu J, Sunada Y, Fujimoto M, et al. Treatment consensus for management of polymyositis and dermatomyositis among rheumatologists, neurologists and dermatologists. J Dermatol. 2019;46(1):e1-e18. doi: 10.1111/1346-8138.14604Oldroyd AGS, Lilleker JB, Amin T, Aragon O, Bechman K, Cuthbert V, et al.; British Society for Rheumatology Standards, Audit and Guidelines Working Group. British Society for Rheumatology guideline on management of paediatric, adolescent and adult patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathy. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2022;61(5):1760-1768. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/keac115Oldroyd AGS, Lilleker JB, Amin T, Aragon O, Bechman K, Cuthbert V, et al.; British Society for Rheumatology Standards, Audit and Guidelines Working Group. British Society for Rheumatology guideline on management of paediatric, adolescent and adult patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathy. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2022;61(5):1760-1768. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/keac115Basta M, Dalakas MC. High-dose intravenous immunoglobulin exerts its beneficial effect in patients with dermatomyositis by blocking endomysial deposition of activated complement fragments. J Clin Invest. 1994;94(5):1729-1735. doi: 10.1172/jCI117520Basta M, Dalakas MC. High-dose intravenous immunoglobulin exerts its beneficial effect in patients with dermatomyositis by blocking endomysial deposition of activated complement fragments. J Clin Invest. 1994;94(5):1729-1735. doi: 10.1172/jCI117520Pinal-Fernandez I, Casal-Dominguez M, Derfoul A, Pak K, Plotz P, Miller FW, et al. Identification of distinctive interferon gene signatures in different types of myositis. Neurology. 2019;93(12):e1193-e1204. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000008128Pinal-Fernandez I, Casal-Dominguez M, Derfoul A, Pak K, Plotz P, Miller FW, et al. Identification of distinctive interferon gene signatures in different types of myositis. Neurology. 2019;93(12):e1193-e1204. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000008128Kamperman RG, Veldkamp SR, Evers SW, Lim J, van Schaik I, van Royen-Kerkhof A, et al. Type I interferon biomarker in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: Associations of Siglec-1 with disease activity and treatment response. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2025;64(5):2979-2986. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/keae630Kamperman RG, Veldkamp SR, Evers SW, Lim J, van Schaik I, van Royen-Kerkhof A, et al. Type I interferon biomarker in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: Associations of Siglec-1 with disease activity and treatment response. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2025;64(5):2979-2986. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/keae630Crow MK, Olferiev M, Kirou KA. Type I interferons in autoimmune disease. Annu Rev Pathol. 2019;14:369-393. doi: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-020117-043952Crow MK, Olferiev M, Kirou KA. Type I interferons in autoimmune disease. Annu Rev Pathol. 2019;14:369-393. doi: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-020117-043952Насонов ЕЛ, Авдеева АС. Иммуновоспалительные ревматические заболевания, связанные с интерфероном типа I: новые данные. Научно-практическая ревматология. 2019;57(4):452-461. doi: 10.14412/1995-4484-2019-452-461Nasonov EL, Avdeeva AS. Immunoinflammatory rheumatic diseases associated with type I interferon: New evidence. Nauchno-Prakticheskaya Revmatologia = Rheumatology Science and Practice. 2019;57(4):452-461 (In Russ.)]. doi: 10.14412/1995-4484-2019-452-461Lerkvaleekul B, Veldkamp SR, van der Wal MM, Schatorjé EJH, Kamphuis SSM, van den Berg JM, et al. Siglec-1 expression on monocytes is associated with the interferon signature in juvenile dermatomyositis and can predict treatment response. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2022;61(5):2144-2155. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/keab601Lerkvaleekul B, Veldkamp SR, van der Wal MM, Schatorjé EJH, Kamphuis SSM, van den Berg JM, et al. Siglec-1 expression on monocytes is associated with the interferon signature in juvenile dermatomyositis and can predict treatment response. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2022;61(5):2144-2155. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/keab601Graf M, von Stuckrad SL, Uruha A, Klotsche J, Zorn-Pauly L, Unterwalder N, et al. SIGLEC1 enables straightforward assessment of type I interferon activity in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. RMD Open. 2022;8(1):e001934. doi: 10.1136/rmdopen-2021-001934Graf M, von Stuckrad SL, Uruha A, Klotsche J, Zorn-Pauly L, Unterwalder N, et al. SIGLEC1 enables straightforward assessment of type I interferon activity in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. RMD Open. 2022;8(1):e001934. doi: 10.1136/rmdopen-2021-001934Насонов ЕЛ. Коронавирусная болезнь 2019 (COVID-19): размышления ревматолога. Научно-практическая ревматология. 2020;58(2):123-132. doi: 10.14412/1995-4484-2020-123-132Nasonov EL. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A rheumatologist’s thoughts. Nauchno-Prakticheskaya Revmatologia = Rheumatology Science and Practice. 2020; 58(2):123-132 (In Russ.). doi: 10.14412/1995-4484-2020-123-132Nasonov EL, Samsonov MY, Lila AM. Coronavirus infection 2019 (COVID-19) and autoimmunity. Her Russ Acad Sci. 2022;92(4):398-403. doi: 10.1134/S1019331622040062Nasonov EL, Samsonov MY, Lila AM. Coronavirus infection 2019 (COVID-19) and autoimmunity. Her Russ Acad Sci. 2022;92(4):398-403. doi: 10.1134/S1019331622040062Ramos-Casals M, Brito-Zerón P, Mariette X. Systemic and organspecific immune-related manifestations of COVID-19. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2021;17(6):315-332. doi:10.1038/s41584-021-00608-zRamos-Casals M, Brito-Zerón P, Mariette X. Systemic and organspecific immune-related manifestations of COVID-19. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2021;17(6):315-332. doi:10.1038/s41584-021-00608-zvan de Veerdonk FL, Giamarellos-Bourboulis E, Pickkers P, Derde L, Leavis H, van Crevel R, et al. A guide to immunotherapy for COVID-19. Nat Med. 2022;28(1):39-50. doi: 10.1038/s41591021-01643-9van de Veerdonk FL, Giamarellos-Bourboulis E, Pickkers P, Derde L, Leavis H, van Crevel R, et al. A guide to immunotherapy for COVID-19. Nat Med. 2022;28(1):39-50. doi: 10.1038/s41591021-01643-9Morse BA, Motovilov K, Michael Brode W, Michael Tee F, Melamed E. A review of intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of neuroimmune conditions, acute COVID-19 infection, and post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 syndrome. Brain Behav Immun. 2025;123:725-738. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.10.006Morse BA, Motovilov K, Michael Brode W, Michael Tee F, Melamed E. A review of intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of neuroimmune conditions, acute COVID-19 infection, and post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 syndrome. Brain Behav Immun. 2025;123:725-738. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.10.006Liu X, Zhang Y, Lu L, Li X, Wu Y, Yang Y, et al. Benefits of high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin on mortality in patients with severe COVID-19: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Immunol. 2023;14:1116738. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1116738Liu X, Zhang Y, Lu L, Li X, Wu Y, Yang Y, et al. Benefits of high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin on mortality in patients with severe COVID-19: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Immunol. 2023;14:1116738. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1116738Manganotti P, Garascia G, Furlanis G, Buoite Stella A. Efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) on COVID-19-related neurological disorders over the last 2 years: An up-to-date narrative review. Front Neurosci. 2023;17:1159929. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1159929Manganotti P, Garascia G, Furlanis G, Buoite Stella A. Efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) on COVID-19-related neurological disorders over the last 2 years: An up-to-date narrative review. Front Neurosci. 2023;17:1159929. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1159929Davis HE, McCorkell L, Vogel JM, Topol EJ. Long COVID: Major findings, mechanisms and recommendations. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2023;21(3):133-146. doi: 10.1038/s41579-022-00846-2Davis HE, McCorkell L, Vogel JM, Topol EJ. Long COVID: Major findings, mechanisms and recommendations. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2023;21(3):133-146. doi: 10.1038/s41579-022-00846-2Thompson JS, Thornton AC, Ainger T, Garvy BA. Long-term high-dose immunoglobulin successfully treats long COVID patients with pulmonary, neurologic, and cardiologic symptoms. Front Immunol. 2023 2;13:1033651. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1033651Thompson JS, Thornton AC, Ainger T, Garvy BA. Long-term high-dose immunoglobulin successfully treats long COVID patients with pulmonary, neurologic, and cardiologic symptoms. Front Immunol. 2023 2;13:1033651. doi: 10.3389/ fimmu.2022.1033651Naeem S, Oros SM, Adams CS, Rakesh G. Treatment of cognitive deficits and behavioral symptoms following COVID-19-associated autoimmune encephalitis with intravenous immunoglobulin: A case report and review of the literature. Cureus. 2023;15(12):e51071. doi: 10.7759/cureus.51071Naeem S, Oros SM, Adams CS, Rakesh G. Treatment of cognitive deficits and behavioral symptoms following COVID-19-associated autoimmune encephalitis with intravenous immunoglobulin: A case report and review of the literature. Cureus. 2023;15(12):e51071. doi: 10.7759/cureus.51071Adler Y, Charron P, Imazio M, Badano L, Barón-Esquivias G, Bogaert J, et al.; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2015 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of pericardial diseases: The Task Force for the diagnosis and management of pericardial diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) endorsed by the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). Eur Heart J. 2015;36(42):2921-2964. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv318Adler Y, Charron P, Imazio M, Badano L, Barón-Esquivias G, Bogaert J, et al.; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2015 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of pericardial diseases: The Task Force for the diagnosis and management of pericardial diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) endorsed by the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). Eur Heart J. 2015;36(42):2921-2964. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv318Ceriani E, Agozzino F, Berra S, Gidaro A, Bindi P, Pavarani A, et al. Duration of disease and long-term outcomes in patients with difficult-to-treat recurrent pericarditis: A chronic condition treated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, colchicine, corticosteroids, and anti-interleukin-1 agents. ACR Open Rheumatol. 2025;7(1):e11776. doi: 10.1002/acr2.11776Ceriani E, Agozzino F, Berra S, Gidaro A, Bindi P, Pavarani A, et al. Duration of disease and long-term outcomes in patients with difficult-to-treat recurrent pericarditis: A chronic condition treated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, colchicine, corticosteroids, and anti-interleukin-1 agents. ACR Open Rheumatol. 2025;7(1):e11776. doi: 10.1002/acr2.11776Насонов ЕЛ, Сукмарова ЗН, Попкова ТВ, Белов БС. Проблемы иммунопатологии и перспективы фармакотерапии идиопатического рецидивирующего перикардита: применение ингибитора интерлейкина 1 (Анакинра). Научно-практическая ревматология. 2023;61(1):47-61. doi: 10.47360/19954484-2023-47-61Nasonov EL, Sukmarova ZN, Popkova TV, Belov BS. Problems of immunopathology and prospects for pharmacotherapy of idiopathic recurrent pericarditis: Using an interleukin 1 inhibitor (Anakinra). Nauchno-Prakticheskaya Revmatologia = Rheumatology Science and Practice. 2023;61(1):47-61 (In Russ.). doi: 10.47360/19954484-2023-47-61Imazio M, Lazaros G, Picardi E, Vasileiou P, Carraro M, Tousoulis D, et al. Intravenous human immunoglobulins for refractory recurrent pericarditis: A systematic review of all published cases. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown). 2016;17(4):263-269. doi: 10.2459/JCM.0000000000000260Imazio M, Lazaros G, Picardi E, Vasileiou P, Carraro M, Tousoulis D, et al. Intravenous human immunoglobulins for refractory recurrent pericarditis: A systematic review of all published cases. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown). 2016;17(4):263-269. doi: 10.2459/JCM.0000000000000260Collini V, Venturelli F, Berghi R, Andreis A, De Biasio M, Merlo M, et al. Human intravenous immunoglobulins for recurrent pericarditis: A multicentre cohort study. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2025 Apr 28:zwaf250. doi: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwaf250Collini V, Venturelli F, Berghi R, Andreis A, De Biasio M, Merlo M, et al. Human intravenous immunoglobulins for recurrent pericarditis: A multicentre cohort study. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2025 Apr 28:zwaf250. doi: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwaf250Collet A, Guerrier T, Sanges S, Chépy A, Sobanski V, Launay D, et al. Autoreactive B cells in autoimmune diseases: Mechanisms, functions and clinical implications. Autoimmun Rev. 2025;24(8):103851. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2025.103851Collet A, Guerrier T, Sanges S, Chépy A, Sobanski V, Launay D, et al. Autoreactive B cells in autoimmune diseases: Mechanisms, functions and clinical implications. Autoimmun Rev. 2025;24(8):103851. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2025.103851Насонов ЕЛ. Перспективы анти-В-клеточной терапии в ревматологии. Научно-практическая ревматология. 2018;56(5):539-548. doi: 10.14412/1995-4484-2018-539-548Nasonov EL. Prospects for anti-B-cell therapy in rheumatology. Nauchno-Prakticheskaya Revmatologia = Rheumatology Science and Practice. 2018;56(5):539-548 (In Russ.). doi: 10.14412/1995-4484-2018-539-548Lee DSW, Rojas OL, Gommerman JL. B cell depletion therapies in autoimmune disease: Advances and mechanistic insights. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2021;20(3):179-199. doi: 10.1038/s41573-02000092-2Lee DSW, Rojas OL, Gommerman JL. B cell depletion therapies in autoimmune disease: Advances and mechanistic insights. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2021;20(3):179-199. doi: 10.1038/s41573-02000092-2Scherlinger M, Nocturne G, Radic M, Launay D, Richez C, Bousso P, et al.; Club for Innovative Immunotherapies in Immune-mediated Inflammatory diseases (C3I). CAR T-cell therapy in autoimmune diseases: Where are we and where are we going? Lancet Rheumatol. 2025;7(6):e434-e447. doi: 10.1016/s2665-9913(24)00377-1Scherlinger M, Nocturne G, Radic M, Launay D, Richez C, Bousso P, et al.; Club for Innovative Immunotherapies in Immune-mediated Inflammatory diseases (C3I). CAR T-cell therapy in autoimmune diseases: Where are we and where are we going? Lancet Rheumatol. 2025;7(6):e434-e447. doi: 10.1016/s2665-9913(24)00377-1Ahmed AR, Kaveri S. Reversing autoimmunity combination of rituximab and intravenous immunoglobulin. Front Immunol. 2018;9:1189. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01189Ahmed AR, Kaveri S. Reversing autoimmunity combination of rituximab and intravenous immunoglobulin. Front Immunol. 2018;9:1189. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01189de Carvalho JF, Skare TL. Rituximab combined with intravenous immunoglobulin in autoimmune diseases: A systematic review. Adv Rheumatol. 2025;65(1):19. doi: 10.1186/s42358-025-00450-xde Carvalho JF, Skare TL. Rituximab combined with intravenous immunoglobulin in autoimmune diseases: A systematic review. Adv Rheumatol. 2025;65(1):19. doi: 10.1186/s42358-025-00450-xMitrevski M, Marrapodi R, Camponeschi A, Cavaliere FM, Lazzeri C, Todi L, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin and immunomodulation of B-Cell – in vitro and in vivo effects. Front Immunol. 2015;6:4. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00004Mitrevski M, Marrapodi R, Camponeschi A, Cavaliere FM, Lazzeri C, Todi L, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin and immunomodulation of B-Cell – in vitro and in vivo effects. Front Immunol. 2015;6:4. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00004Hori A, Fujimura T, Kawamoto S. Anti-inflammatory intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) suppresses homeostatic proliferation of B cells. Cytotechnology. 2018;70(3):921-927. doi: 10.1007/s10616-017-0176-2Hori A, Fujimura T, Kawamoto S. Anti-inflammatory intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) suppresses homeostatic proliferation of B cells. Cytotechnology. 2018;70(3):921-927. doi: 10.1007/s10616-017-0176-2Насонов ЕЛ, Попкова ТВ, Лила АМ. Белимумаб в лечении системной красной волчанки: 20 лет фундаментальных исследований, 10 лет клинической практики. Научно-практическая ревматология. 2021;59(4):367-383. doi: 10.47360/1995-4484-2021-367-383Nasonov EL, Popkova TV, Lila AM. Belimumab in the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus: 20 years of basic research, 10 years of clinical practice. Nauchno-Prakticheskaya Revmatologia = Rheumatology Science and Practice. 2021;59(4):367-383 (In Russ.). doi: 10.47360/1995-4484-2021-367-383Van Schaik M, Arends EJ, Wetzels MJAL, Kraaij T, Verbruggen SH, van der Kooij SW, et al. Long-term safety and efficacy of the combination of belimumab and rituximab in the treatment of severe and refractory SLE: A preliminary report. Lupus Sci Med. 2025;12(1):e001424. doi: 10.1136/lupus-2024-001424Van Schaik M, Arends EJ, Wetzels MJAL, Kraaij T, Verbruggen SH, van der Kooij SW, et al. Long-term safety and efficacy of the combination of belimumab and rituximab in the treatment of severe and refractory SLE: A preliminary report. Lupus Sci Med. 2025;12(1):e001424. doi: 10.1136/lupus-2024-001424Bick S, Tschernatsch M, Karg A, Fuehlhuber V, Trenczek TE, Faltermeier K, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin inhibits BAFF production in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy – a new mechanism of action? J Neuroimmunol. 2013;256(1-2):84-90. doi: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2013.01.001Bick S, Tschernatsch M, Karg A, Fuehlhuber V, Trenczek TE, Faltermeier K, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin inhibits BAFF production in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy – a new mechanism of action? J Neuroimmunol. 2013;256(1-2):84-90. doi: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2013.01.001Ritter C, Förster D, Albrecht P, Hartung HP, Kieseier BC, Lehmann HC. IVIG regulates BAFF expression in patients with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP). J Neuroimmunol. 2014;274(1-2):225-229. doi: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.06.007Ritter C, Förster D, Albrecht P, Hartung HP, Kieseier BC, Lehmann HC. IVIG regulates BAFF expression in patients with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP). J Neuroimmunol. 2014;274(1-2):225-229. doi: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.06.007Le Pottier L, Sapir T, Bendaoud B, Youinou P, Shoenfeld Y, Pers JO. Intravenous immunoglobulin and cytokines: Focus on tumor necrosis factor family members BAFF and APRIL. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007;1110:426-432. doi: 10.1196/annals.1423.044Le Pottier L, Sapir T, Bendaoud B, Youinou P, Shoenfeld Y, Pers JO. Intravenous immunoglobulin and cytokines: Focus on tumor necrosis factor family members BAFF and APRIL. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007;1110:426-432. doi: 10.1196/annals.1423.044Watson E, Minehan S, White R. It’s never Lupus… until it is; Primary neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus presenting as psychosis treated with intravenous immunoglobulin and rituximab: A case study. Neurology. 2017;88(S16):6-191. doi: 10.1212/WNL.88.16_supplement.P6.191Watson E, Minehan S, White R. It’s never Lupus… until it is; Primary neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus presenting as psychosis treated with intravenous immunoglobulin and rituximab: A case study. Neurology. 2017;88(S16):6-191. doi: 10.1212/WNL.88.16_supplement.P6.191Cheikh MM, Bahakim AK, Aljabri MK, Alharthi SM, Alharthi SM, Alsaeedi AK, et al. Neuropsychiatric lupus and lupus nephritis successfully treated with combined IVIG and rituximab: An alternative to standard of care. Case Rep Rheumatol. 2022;2022:5899188. doi: 10.1155/2022/5899188Cheikh MM, Bahakim AK, Aljabri MK, Alharthi SM, Alharthi SM, Alsaeedi AK, et al. Neuropsychiatric lupus and lupus nephritis successfully treated with combined IVIG and rituximab: An alternative to standard of care. Case Rep Rheumatol. 2022;2022:5899188. doi: 10.1155/2022/5899188Birnbaum J, Lalji A, Piccione EA, Izbudak I. Magnetic resonance imaging of the spinal cord in the evaluation of 3 patients with sensory neuronopathies: Diagnostic assessment, indications of treatment response, and impact of autoimmunity: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017;96(49):e8483. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000008483Birnbaum J, Lalji A, Piccione EA, Izbudak I. Magnetic resonance imaging of the spinal cord in the evaluation of 3 patients with sensory neuronopathies: Diagnostic assessment, indications of treatment response, and impact of autoimmunity: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017;96(49):e8483. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000008483Lima K, Tavee J, Dua A. Combination rituximab and intravenous immunoglobulin for treatment of refractory vasculitic neuropathy: A case series. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2021;60(10):4884-4887. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/keab069Lima K, Tavee J, Dua A. Combination rituximab and intravenous immunoglobulin for treatment of refractory vasculitic neuropathy: A case series. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2021;60(10):4884-4887. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/keab069Cannon L, Pan A, Kovalick L, Sarkissian A, Wu EY. Secondary immunodeficiencies and infectious considerations of biologic immunomodulatory therapies. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2023;130(6):718-726. doi: 10.1016/j.anai.2023.02.010Cannon L, Pan A, Kovalick L, Sarkissian A, Wu EY. Secondary immunodeficiencies and infectious considerations of biologic immunomodulatory therapies. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2023;130(6):718-726. doi: 10.1016/j.anai.2023.02.010Regina J, Doms J, Kampouri E, Gerber C, Manuel O, Bart PA, et al. Immunodeficiencies in adults: Key considerations for diagnosis and management. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2025;68(1):92. doi: 10.1007/s12016-025-09103-9Regina J, Doms J, Kampouri E, Gerber C, Manuel O, Bart PA, et al. Immunodeficiencies in adults: Key considerations for diagnosis and management. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2025;68(1):92. doi: 10.1007/s12016-025-09103-9Martinson ML, Lapham J. Prevalence of immunosuppression among US adults. JAMA. 2024;331(10):880-882. doi: 10.1001/jama.2023.28019Martinson ML, Lapham J. Prevalence of immunosuppression among US adults. JAMA. 2024;331(10):880-882. doi: 10.1001/jama.2023.28019Tobin JM, Cooper MA. Rheumatologic and autoimmune features of inborn errors of immunity: Implications for diagnosis and management. J Hum Immun. 2025;1(3):e20250034. doi: 10.70962/jhi.20250034Tobin JM, Cooper MA. Rheumatologic and autoimmune features of inborn errors of immunity: Implications for diagnosis and management. J Hum Immun. 2025;1(3):e20250034. doi: 10.70962/jhi.20250034Roberts DM, Jones RB, Smith RM, Alberici F, Kumaratne DS, Burns S, et al. Rituximab-associated hypogammaglobulinemia: Incidence, predictors and outcomes in patients with multi-system autoimmune disease. J Autoimmun. 2015;57:60-65. doi: 10.1016/j.jaut.2014.11.009Roberts DM, Jones RB, Smith RM, Alberici F, Kumaratne DS, Burns S, et al. Rituximab-associated hypogammaglobulinemia: Incidence, predictors and outcomes in patients with multi-system autoimmune disease. J Autoimmun. 2015;57:60-65. doi: 10.1016/j.jaut.2014.11.009Wijetilleka S, Mukhtyar C, Jayne D, Ala A, Bright P, Chinoy H, et al. Immunoglobulin replacement for secondary immunodeficiency after B-cell targeted therapies in autoimmune rheumatic disease: Systematic literature review. Autoimmun Rev. 2019;18(5):535-541. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2019.03.010Wijetilleka S, Mukhtyar C, Jayne D, Ala A, Bright P, Chinoy H, et al. Immunoglobulin replacement for secondary immunodeficiency after B-cell targeted therapies in autoimmune rheumatic disease: Systematic literature review. Autoimmun Rev. 2019;18(5):535-541. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2019.03.010Cortazar FB, Pendergraft WF 3rd, Wenger J, Owens CT, Laliberte K, Niles JL. Effect of continuous B cell depletion with rituximab on pathogenic autoantibodies and total IgG levels in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2017;69(5):1045-1053. doi: 10.1002/art.40032Cortazar FB, Pendergraft WF 3rd, Wenger J, Owens CT, Laliberte K, Niles JL. Effect of continuous B cell depletion with rituximab on pathogenic autoantibodies and total IgG levels in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2017;69(5):1045-1053. doi: 10.1002/art.40032Besada E. Low immunoglobulin levels increase the risk of severe hypogammaglobulinemia in granulomatosis with polyangiitis patients receiving rituximab. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2016;17:6. doi: 10.1186/s12891-015-0860-3Besada E. Low immunoglobulin levels increase the risk of severe hypogammaglobulinemia in granulomatosis with polyangiitis patients receiving rituximab. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2016;17:6. doi: 10.1186/s12891-015-0860-3Md Yusof MY, Vital EM, McElvenny DM, Hensor EMA, Das S, Dass S, et al. Predicting severe infection and effects of hypogammaglobulinemia during therapy with rituximab in rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2019;71(11):1812-1823. doi: 10.1002/art.40937Md Yusof MY, Vital EM, McElvenny DM, Hensor EMA, Das S, Dass S, et al. Predicting severe infection and effects of hypogammaglobulinemia during therapy with rituximab in rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2019;71(11):1812-1823. doi: 10.1002/art.40937Reddy V, Martinez L, Isenberg DA, Leandro MJ, Cambridge G. Pragmatic treatment of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus with rituximab: long-term effects on serum immunoglobulins. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2017;69(6):857-866. doi: 10.1002/acr.22993Reddy V, Martinez L, Isenberg DA, Leandro MJ, Cambridge G. Pragmatic treatment of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus with rituximab: long-term effects on serum immunoglobulins. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2017;69(6):857-866. doi: 10.1002/ acr.22993Alvarez E, Longbrake EE, Rammohan KW, Stankiewicz J, Hersh CM. Secondary hypogammaglobulinemia in patients with multiple sclerosis on anti-CD20 therapy: Pathogenesis, risk of infection, and disease management. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2023;79:105009. doi: 10.1016/j.msard.2023.105009Alvarez E, Longbrake EE, Rammohan KW, Stankiewicz J, Hersh CM. Secondary hypogammaglobulinemia in patients with multiple sclerosis on anti-CD20 therapy: Pathogenesis, risk of infection, and disease management. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2023;79:105009. doi: 10.1016/j.msard.2023.105009Hill JA, Giralt S, Torgerson TR, Lazarus HM. CAR-T – and a side order of IgG, to go? – Immunoglobulin replacement in patients receiving CAR-T cell therapy. Blood Rev. 2019;38:100596. doi: 10.1016/j.blre.2019.100596Hill JA, Giralt S, Torgerson TR, Lazarus HM. CAR-T – and a side order of IgG, to go? – Immunoglobulin replacement in patients receiving CAR-T cell therapy. Blood Rev. 2019;38:100596. doi: 10.1016/j.blre.2019.100596Насонов ЕЛ, Авдеева АС. Деплеция В-клеток при иммуновоспалительных ревматических заболеваниях и коронавирусная болезнь 2019 (COVID-19). Научно-практическая ревматология. 2021;59(4):384-393. doi: 10.47360/1995-4484-2021-384-393Nasonov EL, Avdeeva AS. B cell depletion in immune-mediated rheumatic diseases and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Nauchno-Prakticheskaya Revmatologia = Rheumatology Science and Practice. 2021;59(4):384-393 (In Russ.). doi: 10.47360/1995-4484-2021-384-393Billi B, Cholley P, Grobost V, Clément M, Rieu V, Le Guenno G, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulins for the treatment of prolonged COVID-19 in immunocompromised patients: A brief report. Front Immunol. 2024;15:1399180. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1399180Billi B, Cholley P, Grobost V, Clément M, Rieu V, Le Guenno G, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulins for the treatment of prolonged COVID-19 in immunocompromised patients: A brief report. Front Immunol. 2024;15:1399180. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1399180Vasconcelos J, Portugal R, Torres R, Falcão S. Intravenous immunoglobulin as a therapeutic option for patients with worsening COVID-19 under rituximab. BMJ Case Rep. 2021;14(6):e243338. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2021-243338Vasconcelos J, Portugal R, Torres R, Falcão S. Intravenous immunoglobulin as a therapeutic option for patients with worsening COVID-19 under rituximab. BMJ Case Rep. 2021;14(6):e243338. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2021-243338Upasani V, Townsend K, Wu MY, Carr EJ, Hobbs A, Dowgier G, et al. Commercial immunoglobulin products contain neutralizing antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 spike protein. Clin Infect Dis. 2023;77(7):950-960. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciad368Upasani V, Townsend K, Wu MY, Carr EJ, Hobbs A, Dowgier G, et al. Commercial immunoglobulin products contain neutralizing antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 spike protein. Clin Infect Dis. 2023;77(7):950-960. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciad368Gröning R, Walde J, Ahlm C, Forsell MNE, Normark J, Rasmuson J. Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for COVID-19 in immunocompromised patients: A retrospective cohort study. Int J Infect Dis. 2024;144:107046. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2024.107046Gröning R, Walde J, Ahlm C, Forsell MNE, Normark J, Rasmuson J. Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for COVID-19 in immunocompromised patients: A retrospective cohort study. Int J Infect Dis. 2024;144:107046. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2024.107046Osaka T, Yamamoto Y, Soma T, Yanagisawa N, Nagata S. Crossreactivity of antibodies in intravenous immunoglobulin preparation for protection against SARS-CoV-2. Microorganisms. 2023;11(2):471. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms11020471Osaka T, Yamamoto Y, Soma T, Yanagisawa N, Nagata S. Crossreactivity of antibodies in intravenous immunoglobulin preparation for protection against SARS-CoV-2. Microorganisms. 2023;11(2):471. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms11020471Cousins K, Sano K, Lam B, Röltgen K, Bhavsar D, Singh G, et al. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in immunoglobulin products. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2023;11(8):2534-2541.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2023.05.005Cousins K, Sano K, Lam B, Röltgen K, Bhavsar D, Singh G, et al. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in immunoglobulin products. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2023;11(8):2534-2541.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2023.05.005Casadevall A, Focosi D. Lessons from the use of monoclonal antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein during the COVID19 pandemic. Annu Rev Med. 2025;76(1):1-12. doi: 10.1146/annurev-med-061323-073837Casadevall A, Focosi D. Lessons from the use of monoclonal antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein during the COVID19 pandemic. Annu Rev Med. 2025;76(1):1-12. doi: 10.1146/annurev-med-061323-073837Guo Y, Tian X, Wang X, Xiao Z. Adverse effects of immunoglobulin therapy. Front Immunol. 2018;9:1299. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01299Guo Y, Tian X, Wang X, Xiao Z. Adverse effects of immunoglobulin therapy. Front Immunol. 2018;9:1299. doi: 10.3389/ fimmu.2018.01299Ahmed J, Choi Y, Ko T, Lim J, Hajjar J. Use of immunoglobulin replacement therapy in clinical practice: A review. J Immunother Precis Oncol. 2025;8(1):34-46. doi: 10.36401/JIPO-24-7Ahmed J, Choi Y, Ko T, Lim J, Hajjar J. Use of immunoglobulin replacement therapy in clinical practice: A review. J Immunother Precis Oncol. 2025;8(1):34-46. doi: 10.36401/JIPO-24-7Dalakas MC. Update on intravenous immunoglobulin in neurology: Modulating neuro-autoimmunity, evolving factors on efficacy and dosing and challenges on stopping chronic IVIg therapy. Neurotherapeutics. 2021;18(4):2397-2418. doi: 10.1007/s13311021-01108-4Dalakas MC. Update on intravenous immunoglobulin in neurology: Modulating neuro-autoimmunity, evolving factors on efficacy and dosing and challenges on stopping chronic IVIg therapy. Neurotherapeutics. 2021;18(4):2397-2418. doi: 10.1007/s13311021-01108-4Emre S. Intravenous immunoglobulin treatment: Where do dermatologists stand? Dermatol Ther. 2019;32(3):e12854. doi: 10.1111/dth.12854Emre S. Intravenous immunoglobulin treatment: Where do dermatologists stand? Dermatol Ther. 2019;32(3):e12854. doi: 10.1111/dth.12854Velikova T, Sekulovski M, Bogdanova S, Vasilev G, Peshevska-Sekulovska M, Miteva D, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulins as immunomodulators in autoimmune diseases and reproductive medicine. Antibodies (Basel). 2023;12(1):20. doi: 10.3390/antib12010020Velikova T, Sekulovski M, Bogdanova S, Vasilev G, Peshevska-Sekulovska M, Miteva D, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulins as immunomodulators in autoimmune diseases and reproductive medicine. Antibodies (Basel). 2023;12(1):20. doi: 10.3390/antib12010020Wong PH, White KM. Impact of immunoglobulin therapy in pediatric disease: A review of immune mechanisms. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2016;51(3):303-314. doi: 10.1007/s12016-015-8499-2Wong PH, White KM. Impact of immunoglobulin therapy in pediatric disease: A review of immune mechanisms. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2016;51(3):303-314. doi: 10.1007/s12016-015-8499-2Zhu L, Li L, Wu J. FcRn inhibitors: Transformative advances and significant impacts on IgG-mediated autoimmune diseases. Autoimmun Rev. 2025;24(3):103719. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2024.103719Zhu L, Li L, Wu J. FcRn inhibitors: Transformative advances and significant impacts on IgG-mediated autoimmune diseases. Autoimmun Rev. 2025;24(3):103719. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2024.103719Yang CW, Xia T, Tan Q, Jie LG, Lou AJ, Li XX, et al. From promise to practice: Evaluating the clinical impact of FcRn inhibition in IgG-mediated autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Front Immunol. 2025;16:1656937. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1656937Yang CW, Xia T, Tan Q, Jie LG, Lou AJ, Li XX, et al. From promise to practice: Evaluating the clinical impact of FcRn inhibition in IgG-mediated autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Front Immunol. 2025;16:1656937. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1656937

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.