rspНаучно-практическая ревматологияRheumatology Science and Practice1995-44841995-4492IMA-PRESS, LLC10.47360/1995-4484-2026-133-140rsp-3909Research ArticleОБЗОРЫ И ЛЕКЦИИREVIEWS AND LECTURESРетроперитонеальный фиброз: современный взгляд на старую патологию или когда вопросов больше, чем ответовRetroperitoneal fibrosis: A contemporary perspective on an old disease, or when there are more questions than answershttps://orcid.org/0009-0003-7621-5833ВеретенниковА. С.VeretennikovA. S.

Веретенников Алексей Сергеевич

115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 34а

Aleksei S. Veretennikov

115522, Moscow, Kashirskoye Highway, 34A

averetennikov03@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-8099-2107ТоргашинаА. В.TorgashinaA. V.

115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 34а

Anna V. Torgashina

115522, Moscow, Kashirskoye Highway, 34A

ФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт ревматологии им. В.А. Насоновой»РоссияV.A. Nasonova Research Institute of RheumatologyRussian Federation202601052026642133140Copyright © Веретенников А.С., Торгашина А.В., 20262026Веретенников А.С., Торгашина А.В.Veretennikov A.S., Torgashina A.V.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://rsp.mediar-press.net/rsp/article/view/3909

Ретроперитонеальный фиброз, или болезнь Ормонда, – редкое хроническое заболевание неустановленной этиологии, характеризующееся прогрессирующим разрастанием неопухолевой фиброзно-воспалительной ткани в забрюшинном пространстве с типичной ее локализацией в инфраренальном отделе аорты с переходом на подвздошные сосуды и вовлечением в патологический процесс мочеточников и других органов забрюшинного пространства. Заболевание нередко протекает с развитием острого мочевого блока, что в ряде случаев связано с поздней диагностикой ввиду низкой осведомленности специалистов. Настоящий обзор посвящен описанию клинических особенностей, эпидемиологии и патогенеза заболевания. Рассмотрены современные подходы к диагностике и лечению, приведены актуальные данные литературы. Работа носит описательный характер и служит обзором существующих знаний в данной области.

Retroperitoneal fibrosis, also known as Ormond’s disease, is a rare chronic disorder of unknown etiology characterized by progressive proliferation of non-neoplastic fibro-inflammatory tissue in the retroperitoneal space. The fibrotic mass typically localizes around the infrarenal segment of the aorta, extending to the iliac vessels and involving the ureters and other retroperitoneal organs. The disease often presents with acute urinary obstruction, which is frequently associated with delayed diagnosis due to low awareness among clinicians. This review focuses on describing the clinical features, epidemiology, and pathogenesis of the disease. Current approaches to diagnosis and treatment are discussed, along with a summary of literature. The article is descriptive in nature and aims to provide a comprehensive overview of existing knowledge in this field.

ретроперитонеальный фиброзболезнь ОрмондаIgG4-связанное заболеваниеretroperitoneal fibrosisOrmond’s diseaseIgG4-related diseaseСтатья подготовлена в рамках фундаментальной темы № 125020501434-1ReferencesOrmond JK. Bilateral ureteral obstruction due to envelopment and compression by an inflammatory retroperitoneal process. J Urol. 1948;59(6):1072-1079. doi: 10.1016/S0022-5347(17)69482-5Ormond JK. Bilateral ureteral obstruction due to envelopment and compression by an inflammatory retroperitoneal process. J Urol. 1948;59(6):1072-1079. doi: 10.1016/S0022-5347(17)69482-5Hamano H, Kawa S, Horiuchi A, Unno H, Furuya N, Akamatsu T, et al. High serum IgG4 concentrations in patients with sclerosing pancreatitis. N Engl J Med. 2001;344(10):732-738. doi: 10.1056/NEJM200103083441005Hamano H, Kawa S, Horiuchi A, Unno H, Furuya N, Akamatsu T, et al. High serum IgG4 concentrations in patients with sclerosing pancreatitis. N Engl J Med. 2001;344(10):732-738. doi: 10.1056/NEJM200103083441005Hamano H, Kawa S, Ochi Y, Unno H, Shiba N, Wajiki M, et al. Hydronephrosis associated with retroperitoneal fibrosis and sclerosing pancreatitis. Lancet. 2002;359(9315):1403-1404. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(02)08359-9Hamano H, Kawa S, Ochi Y, Unno H, Shiba N, Wajiki M, et al. Hydronephrosis associated with retroperitoneal fibrosis and sclerosing pancreatitis. Lancet. 2002;359(9315):1403-1404. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(02)08359-9Umehara H, Okazaki K, Masaki Y, Kawano M, Yamamoto M, Saeki T, et al. Comprehensive diagnostic criteria for IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD), 2011. Mod Rheumatol. 2012;22(1):21-30. doi: 10.1007/s10165-011-0571-zUmehara H, Okazaki K, Masaki Y, Kawano M, Yamamoto M, Saeki T, et al. Comprehensive diagnostic criteria for IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD), 2011. Mod Rheumatol. 2012;22(1):21-30. doi: 10.1007/s10165-011-0571-zWallace ZS, Naden RP, Chari S, Choi H, Della-Torre E, Dicaire JF, et al. The 2019 American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism classification criteria for IgG4-related disease. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2020;72(1):7-19. doi: 10.1002/art.41120Wallace ZS, Naden RP, Chari S, Choi H, Della-Torre E, Dicaire JF, et al. The 2019 American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism classification criteria for IgG4-related disease. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2020;72(1):7-19. doi: 10.1002/art.41120Maritati F, Rocco R, Accorsi Buttini E, Marvisi C, Nicastro M, Urban ML, et al. Clinical and prognostic significance of serum IgG4 in chronic periaortitis. An analysis of 113 patients. Front Immunol. 2019;10:693. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00693Maritati F, Rocco R, Accorsi Buttini E, Marvisi C, Nicastro M, Urban ML, et al. Clinical and prognostic significance of serum IgG4 in chronic periaortitis. An analysis of 113 patients. Front Immunol. 2019;10:693. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00693Rossi GM, Rocco R, Accorsi Buttini E, Marvisi C, Vaglio A. Idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis and its overlap with IgG4-related disease. Intern Emerg Med. 2017;12(3):287-299. doi: 10.1007/s11739-016-1599-zRossi GM, Rocco R, Accorsi Buttini E, Marvisi C, Vaglio A. Idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis and its overlap with IgG4-related disease. Intern Emerg Med. 2017;12(3):287-299. doi: 10.1007/s11739-016-1599-zWang K, Wang Z, Zeng Q, Zhu L, Gao J, Wang Z, et al. Clinical characteristics of IgG4-related retroperitoneal fibrosis versus idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis. PLoS One. 2021;16(2):e0245601. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245601Wang K, Wang Z, Zeng Q, Zhu L, Gao J, Wang Z, et al. Clinical characteristics of IgG4-related retroperitoneal fibrosis versus idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis. PLoS One. 2021;16(2):e0245601. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245601Tanaka T, Masumori N. Current approach to diagnosis and management of retroperitoneal fibrosis. Int J Urol. 2020;27(5):387-394. doi: 10.1111/iju.14218Tanaka T, Masumori N. Current approach to diagnosis and management of retroperitoneal fibrosis. Int J Urol. 2020;27(5):387-394. doi: 10.1111/iju.14218Alberti C. Drug-induced retroperitoneal fibrosis: Short aetiopathogenetic note, from the past times of ergot-derivatives large use to currently applied bio-pharmacology. G Chir. 2015;36(4):187-191. doi: 10.11138/gchir/2015.36.4.187Alberti C. Drug-induced retroperitoneal fibrosis: Short aetiopathogenetic note, from the past times of ergot-derivatives large use to currently applied bio-pharmacology. G Chir. 2015;36(4):187-191. doi: 10.11138/gchir/2015.36.4.187Shebani MAA, Ikdees AA, Alazeebi SY, Nagib E, Alagha HMK. A multifactorial case of retroperitoneal fibrosis in a post-radiation bladder cancer patient: Diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Cureus. 2025;17(8):e89976. doi: 10.7759/cureus.89976Shebani MAA, Ikdees AA, Alazeebi SY, Nagib E, Alagha HMK. A multifactorial case of retroperitoneal fibrosis in a post-radiation bladder cancer patient: Diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Cureus. 2025;17(8):e89976. doi: 10.7759/cureus.89976Wang J, Hu S, Zhang P, Wu H. Idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis associated with a rare case of multifocal tuberculosis. J Clin Rheumatol. 2021;27(8S):S652-S653. doi: 10.1097/RHU.0000000000001646Wang J, Hu S, Zhang P, Wu H. Idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis associated with a rare case of multifocal tuberculosis. J Clin Rheumatol. 2021;27(8S):S652-S653. doi: 10.1097/RHU.0000000000001646Rollino C, Guzman H, Beltrame G, Ferro M, Quattrocchio G, Bellis D, et al. Retroperitoneal fibrosis and schistosomiasis: A causal relationship? Eur J Intern Med. 2008;19(4):297-299. doi: 10.1016/j.ejim.2007.06.021Rollino C, Guzman H, Beltrame G, Ferro M, Quattrocchio G, Bellis D, et al. Retroperitoneal fibrosis and schistosomiasis: A causal relationship? Eur J Intern Med. 2008;19(4):297-299. doi: 10.1016/j.ejim.2007.06.021Zhang L, Zhan S. Encased by infection: A rare case of retroperitoneal fibrosis induced by disseminated cysticercosis. Case Rep Infect Dis. 2025;2025:6221398. doi: 10.1155/crdi/6221398Zhang L, Zhan S. Encased by infection: A rare case of retroperitoneal fibrosis induced by disseminated cysticercosis. Case Rep Infect Dis. 2025;2025:6221398. doi: 10.1155/crdi/6221398Salliot C, Lavie F, Azria A, Clerc D, Miquel A, Mariette X. Retroperitoneal fibrosis secondary to spondylodiscitis after infection with Prevotella. J Rheumatol. 2005;32(5):957-958.Salliot C, Lavie F, Azria A, Clerc D, Miquel A, Mariette X. Retroperitoneal fibrosis secondary to spondylodiscitis after infection with Prevotella. J Rheumatol. 2005;32(5):957-958.Yague M, Temprano I, Losa J, De Benito L, De La Cruz R, Cheyne N, et al. Staphylococcus aureus aortitis and retroperitoneal fibrosis: A case report and literature review. IDCases. 2016;5:60-62. doi: 10.1016/j.idcr.2016.07.010Yague M, Temprano I, Losa J, De Benito L, De La Cruz R, Cheyne N, et al. Staphylococcus aureus aortitis and retroperitoneal fibrosis: A case report and literature review. IDCases. 2016;5:60-62. doi: 10.1016/j.idcr.2016.07.010Rodríguez-Hernández MJ, Viciana P, Cordero E, López-Cortés LF, Pachón J. Retroperitoneal fibrosis in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158(3):301-302. doi: 10.1001/archinte.158.3.301Rodríguez-Hernández MJ, Viciana P, Cordero E, López-Cortés LF, Pachón J. Retroperitoneal fibrosis in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158(3):301-302. doi: 10.1001/archinte.158.3.301Lee SJ, Eun JS, Kim MJ, Song YW, Kang YM. Association of retroperitoneal fibrosis with malignancy and its outcomes. Arthritis Res Ther. 2021;23(1):249. doi: 10.1186/s13075-021-02627-3Lee SJ, Eun JS, Kim MJ, Song YW, Kang YM. Association of retroperitoneal fibrosis with malignancy and its outcomes. Arthritis Res Ther. 2021;23(1):249. doi: 10.1186/s13075-021-02627-3Gil A, Ofer Y, Yigla M, Goralnik L, Meretyk S, Assady S. Obstructive uropathy caused by retroperitoneal fibrosis presents as a late manifestation of sarcoidosis. Ren Fail. 2010;32(9):11181120. doi: 10.3109/0886022X.2010.510612Gil A, Ofer Y, Yigla M, Goralnik L, Meretyk S, Assady S. Obstructive uropathy caused by retroperitoneal fibrosis presents as a late manifestation of sarcoidosis. Ren Fail. 2010;32(9):11181120. doi: 10.3109/0886022X.2010.510612Peyronel F, Della-Torre E, Maritati F, Urban ML, Bajema I, Schleinitz N, et al. IgG4-related disease and other fibro-inflammatory conditions. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2025;21(5):275-290. doi: 10.1038/s41584-025-01240-xPeyronel F, Della-Torre E, Maritati F, Urban ML, Bajema I, Schleinitz N, et al. IgG4-related disease and other fibro-inflammatory conditions. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2025;21(5):275-290. doi: 10.1038/s41584-025-01240-xKatz R, Golijanin D, Pode D, Shapiro A. Primary and postoperative retroperitoneal fibrosis-experience with 18 cases. Urology. 2002;60(5):780-783. doi: 10.1016/s0090-4295(02)01910-6Katz R, Golijanin D, Pode D, Shapiro A. Primary and postoperative retroperitoneal fibrosis-experience with 18 cases. Urology. 2002;60(5):780-783. doi: 10.1016/s0090-4295(02)01910-6Uibu T, Oksa P, Auvinen A, Honkanen E, Metsärinne K, Saha H, et al. Asbestos exposure as a risk factor for retroperitoneal fibrosis. Lancet. 2004;363(9419):1422-1426. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16100-XUibu T, Oksa P, Auvinen A, Honkanen E, Metsärinne K, Saha H, et al. Asbestos exposure as a risk factor for retroperitoneal fibrosis. Lancet. 2004;363(9419):1422-1426. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16100-XGoldoni M, Bonini S, Urban ML, Palmisano A, De Palma G, Galletti E, et al. Asbestos and smoking as risk factors for idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis: A case-control study. Ann Intern Med. 2014;161(3):181-188. doi: 10.7326/M13-2648Goldoni M, Bonini S, Urban ML, Palmisano A, De Palma G, Galletti E, et al. Asbestos and smoking as risk factors for idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis: A case-control study. Ann Intern Med. 2014;161(3):181-188. doi: 10.7326/M13-2648Boiardi L, Vaglio A, Nicoli D, Farnetti E, Palmisano A, Pipitone N, et al. CC chemokine receptor 5 polymorphism in chronic periaortitis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2011;50(6):1025-1032. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/keq416Boiardi L, Vaglio A, Nicoli D, Farnetti E, Palmisano A, Pipitone N, et al. CC chemokine receptor 5 polymorphism in chronic periaortitis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2011;50(6):1025-1032. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/keq416Pipitone N, Vaglio A, Salvarani C. Retroperitoneal fibrosis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2012; 26(4):439-448. doi: 10.1016/j.berh.2012.07.004Pipitone N, Vaglio A, Salvarani C. Retroperitoneal fibrosis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2012; 26(4):439-448. doi: 10.1016/j.berh.2012.07.004Ramshaw AL, Roskell DE, Parums DV. Cytokine gene expression in aortic adventitial inflammation associated with advanced atherosclerosis (chronic periaortitis). J Clin Pathol. 1994;47(8):721-727. doi: 10.1136/jcp.47.8.721Ramshaw AL, Roskell DE, Parums DV. Cytokine gene expression in aortic adventitial inflammation associated with advanced atherosclerosis (chronic periaortitis). J Clin Pathol. 1994;47(8):721-727. doi: 10.1136/jcp.47.8.721Urban ML, Palmisano A, Nicastro M, Corradi D, Buzio C, Vaglio A. Idiopathic and secondary forms of retroperitoneal fibrosis: A diagnostic approach. Rev Med Interne. 2015;36(1):15-21. doi: 10.1016/j.revmed.2014.10.008Urban ML, Palmisano A, Nicastro M, Corradi D, Buzio C, Vaglio A. Idiopathic and secondary forms of retroperitoneal fibrosis: A diagnostic approach. Rev Med Interne. 2015;36(1):15-21. doi: 10.1016/j.revmed.2014.10.008Vaglio A, Salvarani C, Buzio C. Retroperitoneal fibrosis. Lancet. 2006;367(9506):241-251. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68035-5Vaglio A, Salvarani C, Buzio C. Retroperitoneal fibrosis. Lancet. 2006;367(9506):241-251. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68035-5Cai S, Hu Z, Chen Y, Zhong J, Dong L. Potential roles of nonlymphocytic cells in the pathogenesis of IgG4-related disease. Front Immunol. 2022;13:940581. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.940581Cai S, Hu Z, Chen Y, Zhong J, Dong L. Potential roles of nonlymphocytic cells in the pathogenesis of IgG4-related disease. Front Immunol. 2022;13:940581. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.940581Hu JQ, Jin ZY, Yu YY, Min DM, Cai Q, Gao J. Clinical characteristics of IgG4-related retroperitoneal fibrosis in a cohort of 117 patients with idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis: A retrospective study. Clin Rheumatol. 2025;44(2):757-766. doi: 10.1007/s10067-024-07276-wHu JQ, Jin ZY, Yu YY, Min DM, Cai Q, Gao J. Clinical characteristics of IgG4-related retroperitoneal fibrosis in a cohort of 117 patients with idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis: A retrospective study. Clin Rheumatol. 2025;44(2):757-766. doi: 10.1007/s10067-024-07276-wvan Bommel EFH, Jansen I, Hendriksz TR, Aarnoudse ALHJ. Idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis: Prospective evaluation of incidence and clinicoradiologic presentation. Medicine (Baltimore). 2009;88(4):193-201. doi: 10.1097/MD.0b013e3181afc420van Bommel EFH, Jansen I, Hendriksz TR, Aarnoudse ALHJ. Idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis: Prospective evaluation of incidence and clinicoradiologic presentation. Medicine (Baltimore). 2009;88(4):193-201. doi: 10.1097/MD.0b013e3181afc420Scheel PJ Jr, Feeley N, Sozio SM. Combined prednisone and mycophenolate mofetil treatment for retroperitoneal fibrosis: A case series. Ann Intern Med. 2011;154(1):31-36. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-154-1-201101040-00005Scheel PJ Jr, Feeley N, Sozio SM. Combined prednisone and mycophenolate mofetil treatment for retroperitoneal fibrosis: A case series. Ann Intern Med. 2011;154(1):31-36. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-154-1-201101040-00005Scheel PJ Jr, Feeley N. Retroperitoneal fibrosis: The clinical, laboratory, and radiographic presentation. Medicine (Baltimore). 2009;88(4):202-207. doi: 10.1097/MD.0b013e3181afc439Scheel PJ Jr, Feeley N. Retroperitoneal fibrosis: The clinical, laboratory, and radiographic presentation. Medicine (Baltimore). 2009;88(4):202-207. doi: 10.1097/MD.0b013e3181afc439Vaglio A, Palmisano A, Alberici F, Maggiore U, Ferretti S, Cobelli R, et al. Prednisone versus tamoxifen in patients with idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis: An open-label randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2011;378(9788):338-346. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60934-3Vaglio A, Palmisano A, Alberici F, Maggiore U, Ferretti S, Cobelli R, et al. Prednisone versus tamoxifen in patients with idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis: An open-label randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2011;378(9788):338-346. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60934-3Zhao J, Li J, Zhang Z. Long-term outcomes and predictors of a large cohort of idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis patients: A retrospective study. Scand J Rheumatol. 2019;48(3):239-245. doi: 10.1080/03009742.2018.1497700Zhao J, Li J, Zhang Z. Long-term outcomes and predictors of a large cohort of idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis patients: A retrospective study. Scand J Rheumatol. 2019;48(3):239-245. doi: 10.1080/03009742.2018.1497700Palmisano A, Cobelli R, Buzio C, Vaglio A. Peri-renal collateral circles. Urology. 2009;74(2):292-293. doi: 10.1016/j.urology.2009.02.052Palmisano A, Cobelli R, Buzio C, Vaglio A. Peri-renal collateral circles. Urology. 2009;74(2):292-293. doi: 10.1016/j.urology.2009.02.052Vaglio A, Maritati F. Idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2016;27(7):1880-1889. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2015101110Vaglio A, Maritati F. Idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2016;27(7):1880-1889. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2015101110Akbal C, Tanidir Y, Ozgen MB, Simşek F. Erectile dysfunction and Peyronie’s disease in patient with retroperitoenal fibrosis. Int Urol Nephrol. 2008;40(4):971-975. doi: 10.1007/s11255-008-9381-4Akbal C, Tanidir Y, Ozgen MB, Simşek F. Erectile dysfunction and Peyronie’s disease in patient with retroperitoenal fibrosis. Int Urol Nephrol. 2008;40(4):971-975. doi: 10.1007/s11255-008-9381-4Huang Z, Liu Y, Xiao Y, Hu H, Xu T. Idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis-related hydronephrosis: Evaluation of comprehensive management and prediction of inflammatory markers for stent-free outcomes. Int J Gen Med. 2025;18:113-121. doi: 10.2147/IJGM.S490245Huang Z, Liu Y, Xiao Y, Hu H, Xu T. Idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis-related hydronephrosis: Evaluation of comprehensive management and prediction of inflammatory markers for stent-free outcomes. Int J Gen Med. 2025;18:113-121. doi: 10.2147/IJGM.S490245Tani T, Ishihara C, Kaneko T, Tsuruoka S, Iino Y. Multiple cerebral lesions as the unique complication of idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis. Mod Rheumatol. 2015;25(3):468-471. doi: 10.3109/14397595.2013.843754Tani T, Ishihara C, Kaneko T, Tsuruoka S, Iino Y. Multiple cerebral lesions as the unique complication of idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis. Mod Rheumatol. 2015;25(3):468-471. doi: 10.3109/14397595.2013.843754Salvarani C, Calamia KT, Matteson EL, Hunder GG, Pipitone N, Miller DV, et al. Vasculitis of the gastrointestinal tract in chronic periaortitis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2011;90(1):28-39. doi: 10.1097/MD.0b013e318207231eSalvarani C, Calamia KT, Matteson EL, Hunder GG, Pipitone N, Miller DV, et al. Vasculitis of the gastrointestinal tract in chronic periaortitis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2011;90(1):28-39. doi: 10.1097/MD.0b013e318207231ePalmisano A, Urban ML, Corradi D, Cobelli R, Alberici F, Maritati F, et al. Chronic periaortitis with thoracic aorta and epiaortic artery involvement: A systemic large vessel vasculitis? Rheumatology (Oxford). 2015;54(11):2004-2009. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/kev225Palmisano A, Urban ML, Corradi D, Cobelli R, Alberici F, Maritati F, et al. Chronic periaortitis with thoracic aorta and epiaortic artery involvement: A systemic large vessel vasculitis? Rheumatology (Oxford). 2015;54(11):2004-2009. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/kev225Magrey MN, Husni ME, Kushner I, Calabrese LH. Do acutephase reactants predict response to glucocorticoid therapy in retroperitoneal fibrosis? Arthritis Rheum. 2009;61(5):674-679. doi: 10.1002/art.24461Magrey MN, Husni ME, Kushner I, Calabrese LH. Do acutephase reactants predict response to glucocorticoid therapy in retroperitoneal fibrosis? Arthritis Rheum. 2009;61(5):674-679. doi: 10.1002/art.24461Pelkmans LG, Aarnoudse AJ, Hendriksz TR, van Bommel EF. Value of acute-phase reactants in monitoring disease activity and treatment response in idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2012;27(7):2819-2825. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfr779Pelkmans LG, Aarnoudse AJ, Hendriksz TR, van Bommel EF. Value of acute-phase reactants in monitoring disease activity and treatment response in idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2012;27(7):2819-2825. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfr779Stone JH. IgG4-related disease: Lessons from the first 20 years. Rheumatology. 2025;64(Suppl 1):i24-i27. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/keaf008Stone JH. IgG4-related disease: Lessons from the first 20 years. Rheumatology. 2025;64(Suppl 1):i24-i27. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/keaf008Umehara H, Okazaki K, Kawa S, Takahashi H, Goto H, Matsui S, et al.; Research Program for Intractable Disease by the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare (MHLW) Japan. The 2020 revised comprehensive diagnostic (RCD) criteria for IgG4-RD. Mod Rheumatol. 2021;31(3):529-533. doi: 10.1080/14397595.2020.1859710Umehara H, Okazaki K, Kawa S, Takahashi H, Goto H, Matsui S, et al.; Research Program for Intractable Disease by the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare (MHLW) Japan. The 2020 revised comprehensive diagnostic (RCD) criteria for IgG4-RD. Mod Rheumatol. 2021;31(3):529-533. doi: 10.1080/14397595.2020.1859710Wallace ZS, Mattoo H, Mahajan VS, Kulikova M, Lu L, Deshpande V, et al. Predictors of disease relapse in IgG4-related disease following rituximab. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2016;55(6):10001008. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/kev438Wallace ZS, Mattoo H, Mahajan VS, Kulikova M, Lu L, Deshpande V, et al. Predictors of disease relapse in IgG4-related disease following rituximab. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2016;55(6):10001008. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/kev438Moriconi D, Giannese D, Capecchi R, Cupisti A, Barsotti S, Morganti R, et al. Risk factors for relapse and long-term outcome of idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis. Clin Exp Nephrol. 2019;23(9):1147-1153. doi: 10.1007/s10157-019-01759-wMoriconi D, Giannese D, Capecchi R, Cupisti A, Barsotti S, Morganti R, et al. Risk factors for relapse and long-term outcome of idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis. Clin Exp Nephrol. 2019;23(9):1147-1153. doi: 10.1007/s10157-019-01759-wRaffiotta F, da Silva Escoli R, Quaglini S, Rognoni C, Sacchi L, Binda V, et al. Idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis: Long-term risk and predictors of relapse. Am J Kidney Dis. 2019;74(6):742-750. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2019.04.020Raffiotta F, da Silva Escoli R, Quaglini S, Rognoni C, Sacchi L, Binda V, et al. Idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis: Long-term risk and predictors of relapse. Am J Kidney Dis. 2019;74(6):742-750. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2019.04.020Chen LYC, Mattman A, Seidman MA, Carruthers MN. IgG4-related disease: What a hematologist needs to know. Haematologica. 2019;104(3):444-455. doi: 10.3324/haematol.2018.205526Chen LYC, Mattman A, Seidman MA, Carruthers MN. IgG4related disease: What a hematologist needs to know. Haematologica. 2019;104(3):444-455. doi: 10.3324/haematol.2018.205526Полухина ЕВ, Глазун ЛО. Ультразвуковая диагностика ретроперитонеального фиброза. Ультразвуковая и функциональная диагностика. 2016;5:11-21.Polukhina EV, Glazun LO. Ultrasound in diagnosis of retroperitoneal fibrosis (Ormond’s disease). Ultrasound and Functional Diagnostics. 2016;5:11-21 (In Russ.).Shang J, Liu M, Wang Y, An Y, An L, Li K, et al. Value of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in assessing the activity of idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis: A prospective study. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2022;40(3):539-543. doi: 10.55563/clinexprheumatol/qie29jShang J, Liu M, Wang Y, An Y, An L, Li K, et al. Value of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography in assessing the activity of idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis: A prospective study. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2022;40(3):539-543. doi: 10.55563/clinexprheumatol/qie29jMirault T, Lambert M, Puech P, Argatu D, Renaud A, Duhamel A, et al. Malignant retroperitoneal fibrosis: MRI characteristics in 50 patients. Medicine (Baltimore). 2012;91(5):242-250. doi: 10.1097/MD.0b013e31826b1c1dMirault T, Lambert M, Puech P, Argatu D, Renaud A, Duhamel A, et al. Malignant retroperitoneal fibrosis: MRI characteristics in 50 patients. Medicine (Baltimore). 2012;91(5):242-250. doi: 10.1097/MD.0b013e31826b1c1dAccorsi Buttini E, Maritati F, Vaglio A. [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and response to therapy in idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis. Eur Urol. 2018;73(1):145-146. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2017.09.024Accorsi Buttini E, Maritati F, Vaglio A. [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and response to therapy in idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis. Eur Urol. 2018;73(1):145-146. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2017.09.024Bond M, Bettiol A, Buttini EA, Trivioli G, Palazzini G, Fibbi I, et al. Predictors of remission and relapse in retroperitoneal fibrosis. J Intern Med. 2025;298(5):438-449. doi: 10.1111/joim.70017Bond M, Bettiol A, Buttini EA, Trivioli G, Palazzini G, Fibbi I, et al. Predictors of remission and relapse in retroperitoneal fibrosis. J Intern Med. 2025;298(5):438-449. doi: 10.1111/joim.70017Fernando A, Pattison J, Horsfield C, D’Cruz D, Cook G, O’Brien T. [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in the diagnosis, treatment stratification, and monitoring of patients with retroperitoneal fibrosis: A prospective clinical study. Eur Urol. 2017;71(6):926-933. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2016.10.046Fernando A, Pattison J, Horsfield C, D’Cruz D, Cook G, O’Brien T. [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in the diagnosis, treatment stratification, and monitoring of patients with retroperitoneal fibrosis: A prospective clinical study. Eur Urol. 2017;71(6):926-933. doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2016.10.046Moroni G, Castellani M, Balzani A, Dore R, Bonelli N, Longhi S, et al. The value of (18)F-FDG PET/CT in the assessment of active idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2012;39(10):1635-1642. doi: 10.1007/s00259-012-2144-6Moroni G, Castellani M, Balzani A, Dore R, Bonelli N, Longhi S, et al. The value of (18)F-FDG PET/CT in the assessment of active idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2012;39(10):1635-1642. doi: 10.1007/s00259-012-2144-6Yilmaz S, Tan YZ, Ozhan M, Halac M, Asa S, Sönmezoglu K. FDG PET/CT in monitoring treatment of retroperitoneal fibrosis. Rev Esp Med Nucl Imagen Mol. 2012;31(6):338-339. doi: 10.1016/j.remn.2012.04.001Yilmaz S, Tan YZ, Ozhan M, Halac M, Asa S, Sönmezoglu K. FDG PET/CT in monitoring treatment of retroperitoneal fibrosis. Rev Esp Med Nucl Imagen Mol. 2012;31(6):338-339. doi: 10.1016/j.remn.2012.04.001Mishra K, Zargar H, Tarplin S, Ramanathan R, Stein RJ. Idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis. J Urol. 2015;193(5):1657-1658. doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2015.01.101Mishra K, Zargar H, Tarplin S, Ramanathan R, Stein RJ. Idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis. J Urol. 2015;193(5):1657-1658. doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2015.01.101Mizushima I, Morikage N, Ito E, Kasashima F, Matsumoto Y, Sawa N, et al.; Joint Working Group from the Japanese Circulation Society and the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare Study Group. Validation of the diagnostic criteria for IgG4-related periaortitis/periarteritis and retroperitoneal fibrosis (IgG4PA/RPF) 2018, and proposal of a revised 2023 version for IgG4-related cardiovascular/retroperitoneal disease. Circ J. 2024;88(10):1679-1688. doi: 10.1253/circj.CJ-24-0026Mizushima I, Morikage N, Ito E, Kasashima F, Matsumoto Y, Sawa N, et al.; Joint Working Group from the Japanese Circulation Society and the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare Study Group. Validation of the diagnostic criteria for IgG4-related periaortitis/periarteritis and retroperitoneal fibrosis (IgG4PA/RPF) 2018, and proposal of a revised 2023 version for IgG4-related cardiovascular/retroperitoneal disease. Circ J. 2024;88(10):1679-1688. doi: 10.1253/circj.CJ-24-0026Лищук СВ, Дубова ЕА, Павлов КА, Борбат АМ, Удалов ЮД. Клинико-морфологические особенности IgG4-связанного забрюшинного фиброза. Альманах клинической медицины. 2020;48(2):110-116. doi: 10.18786/2072-05052020-48-010Lishchuk SV, Dubova EA, Pavlov KA, Borbat AM, Udalov YuD. Clinical and morphological characteristics IgG4-associated retroperitoneal fibrosis. Almanac of Clinical Medicine. 2020;48(2):110-116 (In Russ.). doi: 10.18786/2072-05052020-48-010Li J, Wang H, Wang M, Xu F, Guo F, Ye F. Differences of clinicopathological features between IgG4-related and non-IgG4-related idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis. Int J Rheum Dis. 2022;25(4):440-446. doi: 10.1111/1756-185X.14287Li J, Wang H, Wang M, Xu F, Guo F, Ye F. Differences of clinicopathological features between IgG4-related and non-IgG4related idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis. Int J Rheum Dis. 2022;25(4):440-446. doi: 10.1111/1756-185X.14287Stone JH (ed.). A clinician’s pearls and myths in rheumatology; 2nd ed. Cham:Springer International Publishing AG;2023. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-23488-0Stone JH (ed.). A clinician’s pearls and myths in rheumatology; 2nd ed. Cham:Springer International Publishing AG;2023. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-23488-0Ross JC., Goldsmith HJ. The combined surgical and medical treatment of retroperitoneal fibrosis. Br J Surg. 1971;58(6):422-427. doi: 10.1002/bjs.1800580606Ross JC., Goldsmith HJ. The combined surgical and medical treatment of retroperitoneal fibrosis. Br J Surg. 1971;58(6):422-427. doi: 10.1002/bjs.1800580606Alexopoulos E, Memmos D, Bakatselos S, Rombis V, Sakellariou G, Gaganakis J, et al. Idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis: A long-term follow-up study. Eur Urol. 1987;13(5):313-317. doi: 10.1159/000472808Alexopoulos E, Memmos D, Bakatselos S, Rombis V, Sakellariou G, Gaganakis J, et al. Idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis: A long-term follow-up study. Eur Urol. 1987;13(5):313-317. doi: 10.1159/000472808Baker LR, Mallinson WJ, Gregory MC, Menzies EA, Cattell WR, Whitfield HN, et al. Idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis. A retrospective analysis of 60 cases. Br J Urol. 1987;60(6):497-503. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.1987.tb05028.xBaker LR, Mallinson WJ, Gregory MC, Menzies EA, Cattell WR, Whitfield HN, et al. Idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis. A retrospective analysis of 60 cases. Br J Urol. 1987;60(6):497-503. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.1987.tb05028.xvan Bommel EFH. Retroperitoneal fibrosis. Neth J Med. 2002;60(6):231-242.van Bommel EFH. Retroperitoneal fibrosis. Neth J Med. 2002;60(6):231-242.van Bommel EF, Siemes C, Hak LE, van der Veer SJ, Hendriksz TR. Long-term renal and patient outcome in idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis treated with prednisone. Am J Kidney Dis. 2007;49(5):615-625. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2007.02.268van Bommel EF, Siemes C, Hak LE, van der Veer SJ, Hendriksz TR. Long-term renal and patient outcome in idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis treated with prednisone. Am J Kidney Dis. 2007;49(5):615-625. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2007.02.268van Bommel EF, van Spengler J, van der Hoven B, Kramer P. Retroperitoneal fibrosis: Report of 12 cases and a review of the literature. Neth J Med. 1991;39(5-6):338-345.van Bommel EF, van Spengler J, van der Hoven B, Kramer P. Retroperitoneal fibrosis: Report of 12 cases and a review of the literature. Neth J Med. 1991;39(5-6):338-345.Kardar AH, Kattan S, Lindstedt E, Hanash K. Steroid therapy for idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis: Dose and duration. J Urol. 2002;168(2):550-555.Kardar AH, Kattan S, Lindstedt E, Hanash K. Steroid therapy for idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis: Dose and duration. J Urol. 2002;168(2):550-555.Alberici F, Palmisano A, Urban ML, Maritati F, Oliva E, Manenti L, et al. Methotrexate plus prednisone in patients with relapsing idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2013;72(9):1584-1586. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-203267Alberici F, Palmisano A, Urban ML, Maritati F, Oliva E, Manenti L, et al. Methotrexate plus prednisone in patients with relapsing idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2013;72(9):1584-1586. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-203267Binder M, Uhl M, Wiech T, Kollert F, Thiel J, Sass JO, et al. Cyclophosphamide is a highly effective and safe induction therapy in chronic periaortitis: A long-term follow-up of 35 patients with chronic periaortitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2012;71(2):311-312. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2011-200148Binder M, Uhl M, Wiech T, Kollert F, Thiel J, Sass JO, et al. Cyclophosphamide is a highly effective and safe induction therapy in chronic periaortitis: A long-term follow-up of 35 patients with chronic periaortitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2012;71(2):311-312. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2011-200148Grotz W, von Zedtwitz I, Andre M, Schollmeyer P. Treatment of retroperitoneal fibrosis by mycophenolate mofetil and corticosteroids. Lancet. 1998;352(9135):1195. doi: 10.1016/S01406736(05)60533-8Grotz W, von Zedtwitz I, Andre M, Schollmeyer P. Treatment of retroperitoneal fibrosis by mycophenolate mofetil and corticosteroids. Lancet. 1998;352(9135):1195. doi: 10.1016/S01406736(05)60533-8Jois RN, Kerrigan N, Scott DG. Mycophenolate mofetil for maintenance of remission in idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2007;46(4):717-718. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/kel417Jois RN, Kerrigan N, Scott DG. Mycophenolate mofetil for maintenance of remission in idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2007;46(4):717-718. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/kel417Peyronel F, Palmisano A, Maritati F, Alberici F, Urban ML, Gianfreda D, et al. Methotrexate and low-dose prednisone in idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis: A randomised clinical trial. J Autoimmun. 2025;157:103487. doi: 10.1016/j.jaut.2025.103487Peyronel F, Palmisano A, Maritati F, Alberici F, Urban ML, Gianfreda D, et al. Methotrexate and low-dose prednisone in idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis: A randomised clinical trial. J Autoimmun. 2025;157:103487. doi: 10.1016/j.jaut.2025.103487Vianello F, Romano Gargarella L, Cinetto F, Scarpa R, Ceccato J, Marcolongo R. Usefulness of methotrexate in relapsing idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2023;41(7):15441547. doi: 10.55563/clinexprheumatol/atxzl5Vianello F, Romano Gargarella L, Cinetto F, Scarpa R, Ceccato J, Marcolongo R. Usefulness of methotrexate in relapsing idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2023;41(7):15441547. doi: 10.55563/clinexprheumatol/atxzl5Yunyun F, Yu C, Panpan Z, Hua C, Di W, Lidan Z, et al. Efficacy of cyclophosphamide treatment for immunoglobulin G4-related disease with addition of glucocorticoids. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):6195. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-06520-5Yunyun F, Yu C, Panpan Z, Hua C, Di W, Lidan Z, et al. Efficacy of cyclophosphamide treatment for immunoglobulin G4-related disease with addition of glucocorticoids. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):6195. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-06520-5Yunyun F, Yu P, Panpan Z, Xia Z, Linyi P, Jiaxin Z, et al. Efficacy and safety of low dose mycophenolate mofetil treatment for immunoglobulin G4-related disease: A randomized clinical trial. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2019;58(1):52-60. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/key227Yunyun F, Yu P, Panpan Z, Xia Z, Linyi P, Jiaxin Z, et al. Efficacy and safety of low dose mycophenolate mofetil treatment for immunoglobulin G4-related disease: A randomized clinical trial. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2019;58(1):52-60. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/key227Boyeva V, Alabsi H, Seidman MA, Paterson R, Kur J, Chen LYC, et al. Use of rituximab in idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis. BMC Rheumatol. 2020;4:40. doi: 10.1186/s41927-020-00140-9Boyeva V, Alabsi H, Seidman MA, Paterson R, Kur J, Chen LYC, et al. Use of rituximab in idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis. BMC Rheumatol. 2020;4:40. doi: 10.1186/s41927-020-00140-9Maritati F, Corradi D, Versari A, Casali M, Urban ML, Buzio C, et al. Rituximab therapy for chronic periaortitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2012;71(7):1262-1264. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2011-201166Maritati F, Corradi D, Versari A, Casali M, Urban ML, Buzio C, et al. Rituximab therapy for chronic periaortitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2012;71(7):1262-1264. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2011-201166Urban ML, Maritati F, Palmisano A, Fenaroli P, Peyronel F, Trivioli G, et al. Rituximab for chronic periaortitis without evidence of IgG4-related disease: A long-term follow-up study of 20 patients. Ann Rheum Dis. 2020;79(3):433-434. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2019-216258Urban ML, Maritati F, Palmisano A, Fenaroli P, Peyronel F, Trivioli G, et al. Rituximab for chronic periaortitis without evidence of IgG4-related disease: A long-term follow-up study of 20 patients. Ann Rheum Dis. 2020;79(3):433-434. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2019-216258Wallwork R, Wallace Z, Perugino C, Sharma A, Stone JH. Rituximab for idiopathic and IgG4-related retroperitoneal fibrosis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018;97(42):e12631. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000012631Wallwork R, Wallace Z, Perugino C, Sharma A, Stone JH. Rituximab for idiopathic and IgG4-related retroperitoneal fibrosis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018;97(42):e12631. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000012631Goni E, Vikse J, Lanzillotta M, Fevang BS, Midtvedt Ø, Mahajne J, et al. Effectiveness and safety of rituximab across the four phenotypes of IgG4-related disease: A European multicenter cohort study. Eur J Intern Med. 2026;143:106459. doi: 10.1016/j.ejim.2025.106459Goni E, Vikse J, Lanzillotta M, Fevang BS, Midtvedt Ø, Mahajne J, et al. Effectiveness and safety of rituximab across the four phenotypes of IgG4-related disease: A European multicenter cohort study. Eur J Intern Med. 2026;143:106459. doi: 10.1016/j.ejim.2025.106459Zongfei J, Lijuan Z, Ying S, Dongmei L, Sifan W, Xiufang K, et al. Improved clinical outcomes of tocilizumab versus cyclophosphamide for IgG4-related disease: Insights from a prospective IgG4-related disease registry. Ther Adv Chronic Dis. 2021;12:20406223211028776Zongfei J, Lijuan Z, Ying S, Dongmei L, Sifan W, Xiufang K, et al. Improved clinical outcomes of tocilizumab versus cyclophosphamide for IgG4-related disease: Insights from a prospective IgG4-related disease registry. Ther Adv Chronic Dis. 2021;12:20406223211028776Cao X, Li S, Wan J, Yu Z, Dong G, Zhou W. Effectiveness of tofacitinib monotherapy for patients with IgG4-RD or idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2024;42(9):17361743. doi: 10.55563/clinexprheumatol/61mt03Cao X, Li S, Wan J, Yu Z, Dong G, Zhou W. Effectiveness of tofacitinib monotherapy for patients with IgG4-RD or idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2024;42(9):17361743. doi: 10.55563/clinexprheumatol/61mt03Vaglio A, Catanoso MG, Spaggiari L, Magnani L, Pipitone N, Macchioni P, et al. Interleukin-6 as an inflammatory mediator and target of therapy in chronic periaortitis. Arthritis Rheum. 2013;65(9):2469-2475. doi: 10.1002/art.38032Vaglio A, Catanoso MG, Spaggiari L, Magnani L, Pipitone N, Macchioni P, et al. Interleukin-6 as an inflammatory mediator and target of therapy in chronic periaortitis. Arthritis Rheum. 2013;65(9):2469-2475. doi: 10.1002/art.38032Stone JH, Khosroshahi A, Zhang W, Della Torre E, Okazaki K, Tanaka Y, et al.; MITIGATE Trial Investigators. Inebilizumab for treatment of IgG4-related disease. N Engl J Med. 2025;392(12):1168-1177. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2409712Stone JH, Khosroshahi A, Zhang W, Della Torre E, Okazaki K, Tanaka Y, et al.; MITIGATE Trial Investigators. Inebilizumab for treatment of IgG4-related disease. N Engl J Med. 2025;392(12):1168-1177. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2409712Masamune A, Nishimori I, Kikuta K, Tsuji I, Mizuno N, Iiyama T, et al. Randomised controlled trial of long-term maintenance corticosteroid therapy in patients with autoimmune pancreatitis. Gut. 2017;66(3):487-494. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2016-312049.Masamune A, Nishimori I, Kikuta K, Tsuji I, Mizuno N, Iiyama T, et al. Randomised controlled trial of long-term maintenance corticosteroid therapy in patients with autoimmune pancreatitis. Gut. 2017;66(3):487-494. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2016-312049.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.