<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rsp</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Научно-практическая ревматология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Rheumatology Science and Practice</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1995-4484</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1995-4492</issn><publisher><publisher-name>IMA-PRESS, LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47360/1995-4484-2026-168-174</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">rsp-3913</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL RESEARCH</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Артериальная ригидность при ревматоидном артрите</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Arterial stiffness in rheumatoid arthritis</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2947-7334</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шалыгина</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shalygina</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шалыгина Мария Владимировна</p><p>115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 34а</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Mariya V. Shalygina</p><p>115522, Moscow, Kashirskoye Highway, 34A</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">shalygina_97@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5793-4689</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Попкова</surname><given-names>Т. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Popkova</surname><given-names>T. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 34а</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tatiana V. Popkova</p><p>115522, Moscow, Kashirskoye Highway, 34A</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1784-3699</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Волков</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Volkov</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 34а</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>115522, Moscow, Kashirskoye Highway, 34A</p><p>V.A. Nasonova Research Institute of Rheumatology</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт ревматологии им. В.А. Насоновой»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>V.A. Nasonova Research Institute of Rheumatology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>02</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>64</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>168</fpage><lpage>174</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Шалыгина М.В., Попкова Т.В., Волков А.В., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Шалыгина М.В., Попкова Т.В., Волков А.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shalygina M.V., Popkova T.V., Volkov A.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rsp.mediar-press.net/rsp/article/view/3913">https://rsp.mediar-press.net/rsp/article/view/3913</self-uri><abstract><p>При ревматоидном артрите (РА) смертность выше, чем в общей популяции, и это повышение обусловлено сердечно-сосудистыми заболеваниями (ССЗ), связанными с традиционными факторами риска (ТФР) и аутоиммунным воспалением. Ранним предиктором ССЗ является артериальная ригидность (АР) сосудов, определяемая по скорости пульсовой волны (СПВ) и индексу аугментации (AIx, augmentation index). Оценка АР может быть использована для стратификации сердечно-сосудистого риска, дополняя ТФР и повышая точность прогнозирования сердечно-сосудистых событий.</p><p>Цель исследования – изучить параметры артериальной ригидности у больных ревматоидным артритом, их взаимосвязь с клинико-иммунологическими показателями и традиционными факторами риска сердечнососудистых заболеваний.</p><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Включено 100 пациенток с РА, 90% из которых были серопозитивными по ревматоидному фактору (РФ) с медианой возраста 43 [34; 51] года, длительности болезни – 5,3 [3,0; 12,0] года. У 61% пациентов с РА отмечалась высокая активность по DAS28 (Disease Activity Score 28). Внесуставные проявления выявлены у 37%, осложнения – у 22% пациентов. В контрольную группу вошли 30 здоровых женщин, сопоставимых по возрасту. Всем обследуемым определяли ТФР и показатели АР – СПВ и AIx.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Больные РА в сравнении с контролем имели более высокую СПВ (медиана 7,1 [6,1; 8,0] и 6,2 [6,0; 7,0] м/с соответственно; р=0,004). Существенных различий по AIx не наблюдалось.</p><p>СПВ и AIx коррелировали с возрастом (r=0,655 и r=0,351 соответственно), QRISK-3 (r=0,627 и r=0,504 соответственно), толщиной комплекса интима-медиа (r=0,463 и r=0,37 соответственно), наличием атеросклероза (r=0,439 и r=0,295 соответственно) и длительностью РА (r=0,271 и r=0,335 соответственно) (р&lt;0,05). AIx был связан с уровнем антител к циклическому цитруллинированному пептиду (АЦЦП; r=0,204; р=0,04).</p><p>Повышенные значения АР чаще встречались при артериальной гипертензии (АГ), менопаузе и избыточной массе тела, у пациентов, позитивных по РФ/АЦЦП, и при развитии осложнений (р&lt;0,05). Курение и отягощенный анамнез по ССЗ не оказывали существенного влияния на АР. Более высокие абсолютные значения СПВ и AIx отмечались при АГ (медиана 7,7 [7,0; 9,2] и 6,8 [5,8; 7,8] м/с, 3,4 [0,9; 8,4] и 0,4 [–0,7; 4,2]% соответственно) и при менопаузе (медиана 7,9 [7,1; 8,8] и 6,6 [5,7; 7,7] м/с, 4,4 [1,2; 11,2] и 0,3 [–0,8; 3,7]% соответственно; р&lt;0,05). При серопозитивном РА AIx был выше, чем при серонегативном: 1,5 [–0,2; 5,0] против –1,0 [–2,4; 3,6]% соответственно (р=0,002). Больные, у которых выявлялись осложнения РА, имели более высокие значения СПВ и AIx: 7,4 [6,8; 8,8] и 7,0 [6,0; 7,9] м/с, 4,0 [1,2; 7,9] и 0,7 [–0,5; 4,3]% соответственно (р&lt;0,05). У пациентов, получавших глюкокортикоиды и базисные противовоспалительные препараты, значения СПВ и AIx были выше, чем у пациентов без терапии.</p></sec><sec><title>Вывод</title><p>Вывод. Полученные результаты подчеркивают многофакторный механизм АР при РА. Эти данные могут служить основанием для более точной стратификации риска и выбора персонализированной терапии у больных РА.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>In rheumatoid arthritis (RA) mortality is higher than in the general population and is due to cardiovascular diseases (CVD) associated with traditional risk factors (TRFs) and autoimmune inflammation. An early predictor of CVD is arterial stiffness (AS), determined by pulse wave velocity (PWV) and the augmentation index (AIx). AS assessment can be used for cardiovascular risk stratification, complementing PWV and improving the accuracy of predicting cardiovascular events.</p><p>The aim – to study the parameters of arterial stiffness in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, their relationship with clinical and immunological parameters and cardiovascular diseases traditional risk factors.</p><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. The study included 100 female patients with RA (90% of whom were seropositive for rheumatoid factor (RF)) with a median age of 43 [34; 51] years, disease duration of 5.3 [3.0; 12.0] years. High activity according to the DAS28 (Disease Activity Score 28) was predominantly present in 61% of RA patients. Extra-articular manifestations were detected in 37%, and complications – in 22%. The control group included 30 healthy women matched for age. All subjects underwent determination of TRFs and AS parameters – PWV and AIx.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. RA patients, compared with controls, had higher PWV values: 7.1 [6.1; 8.0] m/s versus 6.2 [6.0; 7.0] m/s, respectively (p=0.004). No difference in AIx was observed. PWV and AIx correlated with age (r=0.655 and r=0.351), QRISK-3 (r=0.627 and r=0.504), intima-media thickness (r=0.463 and r=0.37), the presence of atherosclerosis (r=0.439 and r=0.295), and RA duration (r=0.271 and r=0.335) (p&lt;0.05). AIx was associated with anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP; r=0.204; p=0.04).</p><p>Elevated AS values were more common in patients with arterial hypertension, menopause, overweight, RF+/antiCCP+ patients, and with the development of complications (p&lt;0.05). Smoking and a history of cardiovascular disease did not significantly affect AR. We registered higher absolute values of PWV and AIx in hypertension (7.7 [7.0; 9.2] versus 6.8 [5.8; 7.8] m/s, 3.4 [0.9; 8.4] versus 0.4 [–0.7; 4.2]%, respectively) and in menopause (7.9 [7.1; 8.8] versus 6.6 [5.7; 7.7] m/s, 4.4 [1.2; 11.2] versus 0.3 [–0.8; 3.7]%, respectively; p&lt;0.05). In seropositive RA, AIx was higher compared to seronegative: 1.5 [–0.2; 5.0] versus –1.0 [–2.4; 3.6]% (p=0.002). Patients who developed RA complications had higher PWV and AIx values: 7.4 [6.8; 8.8] versus 7.0 [6.0; 7.9] m/s and 4.0 [1.2; 7.9] versus 0.7 [–0.5; 4.3]%, respectively (p&lt;0.05). In patients receiving glucocorticoids and disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, PWV and AIx values were higher than in patients without therapy.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The obtained results highlight the multifactorial mechanism of AS in RA. These data can serve as the basis for more accurate risk stratification and personalized therapy in patients with RA.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ревматоидный артрит</kwd><kwd>артериальная ригидность</kwd><kwd>скорость пульсовой волны</kwd><kwd>индекс аугментации</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>rheumatoid arthritis</kwd><kwd>arterial stiffness</kwd><kwd>pulse wave velocity</kwd><kwd>augmentation index</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование проводилось в рамках фундаментального научного исследования ФГБНУ НИИР им. В.А. Насоновой РК 125020501434-1</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Насонов ЕЛ, Лила АМ. Ревматоидный артрит: достижения и нерешенные проблемы. Терапевтический архив. 2019;91(5):4-7. doi: 10.26442/00403660.2019.05.000259</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nasonov EL, Lila AM. Rheumatoid arthritis: Achievements and unresolved issues. Terapevticheskii arkhiv. 2019;91(5):4-7 (In Russ.). doi: 10.26442/00403660.2019.05.000259</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Black RJ, Lester S, Tieu J, Sinnathurai P, Barrett C, Buchbinder R, et al. Mortality estimates and excess mortality in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2023;62(11):3576-3583. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/kead106</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Black RJ, Lester S, Tieu J, Sinnathurai P, Barrett C, Buchbinder R, et al. Mortality estimates and excess mortality in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2023;62(11):3576-3583. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/kead106</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Barkhane Z, Zaree A, Zulfiqar S, Qudoos A, Vaidhyula S, Jaiprada F, et al. Comparison of cardiovascular outcomes in patients with and without rheumatoid arthritis: A meta-analysis of observational studies. Cureus. 2023;15(6):e40348. doi: 10.7759/cureus.40348</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Barkhane Z, Zaree A, Zulfiqar S, Qudoos A, Vaidhyula S, Jaiprada F, et al. Comparison of cardiovascular outcomes in patients with and without rheumatoid arthritis: A meta-analysis of observational studies. Cureus. 2023;15(6):e40348. doi: 10.7759/cureus.40348</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Raj R, Thomas S, Gorantla V. Accelerated atherosclerosis in rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic review. F1000Res. 2022;27(11):466. doi: 10.12688/f1000research.112921.2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Raj R, Thomas S, Gorantla V. Accelerated atherosclerosis in rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic review. F1000Res. 2022;27(11):466. doi: 10.12688/f1000research.112921.2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Buch MH, Mallat Z, Dweck MR, Tarkin JM, O’Regan DP, Ferreira V, et al. Current understanding and management of cardiovascular involvement in rheumatic immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2024;20(10):614-634. doi: 10.1038/s41584-024-01149-x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Buch MH, Mallat Z, Dweck MR, Tarkin JM, O’Regan DP, Ferreira V, et al. Current understanding and management of cardiovascular involvement in rheumatic immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2024;20(10):614-634. doi: 10.1038/s41584-024-01149-x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Triantafyllias K, Thiele LE, Cavagna L, Baraliakos X, Bertsias G, Schwarting A. Arterial stiffness as a surrogate marker of cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis in patients with arthritides and connective tissue diseases: A literature review. Diagnostics (Basel). 2023;13(11):1870. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics13111870</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Triantafyllias K, Thiele LE, Cavagna L, Baraliakos X, Bertsias G, Schwarting A. Arterial stiffness as a surrogate marker of cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis in patients with arthritides and connective tissue diseases: A literature review. Diagnostics (Basel). 2023;13(11):1870. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics13111870</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Berger M, Fesler P, Roubille C. Arterial stiffness, the hidden face of cardiovascular risk in autoimmune and chronic inflammatory rheumatic diseases. Autoimmun Rev. 2021;20(9):102891. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2021.102891</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berger M, Fesler P, Roubille C. Arterial stiffness, the hidden face of cardiovascular risk in autoimmune and chronic inflammatory rheumatic diseases. Autoimmun Rev. 2021;20(9):102891. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2021.102891</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Васюк ЮА, Иванова СВ, Школьник ЕЛ, Котовская ЮВ, Милягин ВА, Олейников ВЭ, и др. Согласованное мнение российских экспертов по оценке артериальной жесткости в клинической практике. Кардиоваскулярная терапия и профилактика. 2016;15(2):4-19. doi: 10.15829/1728-8800-2016-2-4-19</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vasyuk YuA, Ivanova SV, Shkolnik EL, Kotovskaya YuV, Milyagin VA, Oleynikov VE, et al. Consensus of Russian experts on the evaluation of arterial stiffness in clinical practice. Cardiovascular Therapy and Prevention. 2016;15(2):4-19 (In Russ.). doi: 10.15829/1728-8800-2016-2-4-19</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гапон ЛИ. Гипертония и жесткость артериальной стенки в клинической практике: обзор литературы. Российский кардиологический журнал. 2024;29(5):5924. [Gapon LI. Hypertension and arterial wall stiffness in clinical practice: Literature review. Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2024;29(5):5924 (In Russ.). doi: 10.15829/1560-4071-2024-5924</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Гапон ЛИ. Гипертония и жесткость артериальной стенки в клинической практике: обзор литературы. Российский кардиологический журнал. 2024;29(5):5924. [Gapon LI. Hypertension and arterial wall stiffness in clinical practice: Literature review. Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2024;29(5):5924 (In Russ.). doi: 10.15829/1560-4071-2024-5924</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kim HL. Arterial stiffness and hypertension. Clin Hypertens. 2023;29(1):31. doi: 10.1186/s40885-023-00258-1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kim HL. Arterial stiffness and hypertension. Clin Hypertens. 2023;29(1):31. doi: 10.1186/s40885-023-00258-1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kay J, Upchurch KS. ACR/EULAR 2010 rheumatoid arthritis classification criteria. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2012;51(6):5-9. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/kes279</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kay J, Upchurch KS. ACR/EULAR 2010 rheumatoid arthritis classification criteria. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2012;51(6):5-9. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/kes279</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ассоциация ревматологов России. Ревматоидный артрит: клинические рекомендации. М.;2024. [Association of Rheumatologists of Russia. Rheumatoid arthritis: Clinical recommendations. Moscow;2024 (In Russ.). URL: https://cr.minzdrav.gov.ru/view-cr/250_3 (Accessed: 22nd January 2026).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ассоциация ревматологов России. Ревматоидный артрит: клинические рекомендации. М.;2024. [Association of Rheumatologists of Russia. Rheumatoid arthritis: Clinical recommendations. Moscow;2024 (In Russ.). URL: https://cr.minzdrav.gov.ru/view-cr/250_3 (Accessed: 22nd January 2026).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Prevoo ML, van’t Hof MA, Kuper HH, van Leeuwen MA, van de Putte LB, van Riel PL. Modified disease activity scores that include twenty-eight-joint counts. Development and validation in a prospective longitudinal study of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1995;38(1):44-48. doi: 10.1002/art.1780380107</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Prevoo ML, van’t Hof MA, Kuper HH, van Leeuwen MA, van de Putte LB, van Riel PL. Modified disease activity scores that include twenty-eight-joint counts. Development and validation in a prospective longitudinal study of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1995;38(1):44-48. doi: 10.1002/art.1780380107</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hippisley-Cox J, Coupland C, Brindle P. Development and validation of QRISK3 risk prediction algorithms to estimate future risk of cardiovascular disease: Prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2017;357:j2099. doi: 10.1136/bmj.j2099</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hippisley-Cox J, Coupland C, Brindle P. Development and validation of QRISK3 risk prediction algorithms to estimate future risk of cardiovascular disease: Prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2017;357:j2099. doi: 10.1136/bmj.j2099</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Touboul PJ, Hennerici MG, Meairs S, Adams H, Amarenco P, Bornstein N, et al. Mannheim carotid intima-media thickness consensus (2004–2006). An update on behalf of the Advisory Board of the 3rd and 4th Watching the Risk Symposium, 13th and 15th European Stroke Conferences, Mannheim, Germany, 2004, and Brussels, Belgium, 2006. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2007;23(1):75-80. doi: 10.1159/000097034</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Touboul PJ, Hennerici MG, Meairs S, Adams H, Amarenco P, Bornstein N, et al. Mannheim carotid intima-media thickness consensus (2004–2006). An update on behalf of the Advisory Board of the 3rd and 4th Watching the Risk Symposium, 13th and 15th European Stroke Conferences, Mannheim, Germany, 2004, and Brussels, Belgium, 2006. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2007;23(1):75-80. doi: 10.1159/000097034</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Husaini ASA, Fathima A, Halawa D, Aakel N, Erre GL, Giordo R, et al. Exploring endothelial dysfunction in major rheumatic diseases: Current trends and future directions. J Mol Med (Berl). 2025;103(6):635-649. doi: 10.1007/s00109-025-02539-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Husaini ASA, Fathima A, Halawa D, Aakel N, Erre GL, Giordo R, et al. Exploring endothelial dysfunction in major rheumatic diseases: Current trends and future directions. J Mol Med (Berl). 2025;103(6):635-649. doi: 10.1007/s00109-025-02539-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dzieża-Grudnik A, Sulicka J, Strach M, Siga O, Klimek E, Korkosz M, et al. Arterial stiffness is not increased in patients with short duration rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. Blood Press. 2017;26(2):115-121. doi: 10.1080/08037051.2016.1232586</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dzieża-Grudnik A, Sulicka J, Strach M, Siga O, Klimek E, Korkosz M, et al. Arterial stiffness is not increased in patients with short duration rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. Blood Press. 2017;26(2):115-121. doi: 10.1080/08037051.2016.1232586</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arida A, Zampeli E, Konstantonis G, Fragiadaki K, Kitas GD, Protogerou AD, et al. Rheumatoid arthritis is sufficient to cause atheromatosis but not arterial stiffness or hypertrophy in the absence of classical cardiovascular risk factors. Clin Rheumatol. 2015;34(5):853-859. doi: 10.1007/s10067-015-2914-1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arida A, Zampeli E, Konstantonis G, Fragiadaki K, Kitas GD, Protogerou AD, et al. Rheumatoid arthritis is sufficient to cause atheromatosis but not arterial stiffness or hypertrophy in the absence of classical cardiovascular risk factors. Clin Rheumatol. 2015;34(5):853-859. doi: 10.1007/s10067-015-2914-1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pusterla L, Radovanovic D, Muggli F, Erne P, Schoenenberger AW, Schoenenberger-Berzins R, et al. Impact of cardiovascular risk factors on arterial stiffness in a countryside area of Switzerland: Insights from the Swiss longitudinal cohort study. Cardiol Ther. 2022;11(4):545-557. doi: 10.1007/s40119-022-00280-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pusterla L, Radovanovic D, Muggli F, Erne P, Schoenenberger AW, Schoenenberger-Berzins R, et al. Impact of cardiovascular risk factors on arterial stiffness in a countryside area of Switzerland: Insights from the Swiss longitudinal cohort study. Cardiol Ther. 2022;11(4):545-557. doi: 10.1007/s40119-022-00280-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pieringer H, Pohanka E, Puchner R, Brummaier T. Association of vascular function and estimated cardiovascular risk in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rev Bras Reumatol Engl Ed. 2017;57(5):452-460. doi: 10.1016/j.rbre.2017.06.001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pieringer H, Pohanka E, Puchner R, Brummaier T. Association of vascular function and estimated cardiovascular risk in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rev Bras Reumatol Engl Ed. 2017;57(5):452-460. doi: 10.1016/j.rbre.2017.06.001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Şirin Özcan AN, Aslan AN, Ünal Ö, Ercan K, Küçükşahin O. A novel ultrasound-based technique to establish a correlation between disease activity and local carotid stiffness parameters in rheumatoid arthritis. Med Ultrason. 2017;19(3):288-294. doi: 10.11152/mu-949</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Şirin Özcan AN, Aslan AN, Ünal Ö, Ercan K, Küçükşahin O. A novel ultrasound-based technique to establish a correlation between disease activity and local carotid stiffness parameters in rheumatoid arthritis. Med Ultrason. 2017;19(3):288-294. doi: 10.11152/mu-949</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Scanlon EM, Mankad R, Crowson CS, Kullo IJ, Mulvagh SL, Matteson EL, et al. Cardiovascular risk assessment in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A correlative study of noninvasive arterial health testing. Clin Rheumatol. 2017;36(4):763-771. doi: 10.1007/s10067-016-3515-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Scanlon EM, Mankad R, Crowson CS, Kullo IJ, Mulvagh SL, Matteson EL, et al. Cardiovascular risk assessment in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A correlative study of noninvasive arterial health testing. Clin Rheumatol. 2017;36(4):763-771. doi: 10.1007/s10067-016-3515-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vázquez-Del Mercado M, Gomez-Bañuelos E, Chavarria-Avila E, Cardona-Muñoz E, Ramos-Becerra C, Alanis-Sanchez A, et al. Disease duration of rheumatoid arthritis is a predictor of vascular stiffness: A cross-sectional study in patients without known cardiovascular comorbidities: A STROBE-compliant article. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017;96(33):e7862. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000007862</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vázquez-Del Mercado M, Gomez-Bañuelos E, Chavarria-Avila E, Cardona-Muñoz E, Ramos-Becerra C, Alanis-Sanchez A, et al. Disease duration of rheumatoid arthritis is a predictor of vascular stiffness: A cross-sectional study in patients without known cardiovascular comorbidities: A STROBE-compliant article. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017;96(33):e7862. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000007862</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Crilly MA, Kumar V, Clark HJ, Williams DJ, Macdonald AG. Relationship between arterial dysfunction and extra-articular features in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol Int. 2012;32(6):1761-1768. doi: 10.1007/s00296-011-1902-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Crilly MA, Kumar V, Clark HJ, Williams DJ, Macdonald AG. Relationship between arterial dysfunction and extra-articular features in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol Int. 2012;32(6):1761-1768. doi: 10.1007/s00296-011-1902-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Colina M, Campana G. Precision medicine in rheumatology: The role of biomarkers in diagnosis and treatment optimization. J Clin Med. 2025;14(5):1735. doi: 10.3390/jcm14051735</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Colina M, Campana G. Precision medicine in rheumatology: The role of biomarkers in diagnosis and treatment optimization. J Clin Med. 2025;14(5):1735. doi: 10.3390/jcm14051735</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Okano T, Inui K, Sugioka Y, Sugioka K, Matsumura Y, Takahashi S, et al. High titer of anti-citrullinated peptide antibody is a risk factor for severe carotid atherosclerotic plaque in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: The TOMORROW study. Int J Rheum Dis. 2017;20(8):949-959. doi: 10.1111/1756-185X.13106</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Okano T, Inui K, Sugioka Y, Sugioka K, Matsumura Y, Takahashi S, et al. High titer of anti-citrullinated peptide antibody is a risk factor for severe carotid atherosclerotic plaque in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: The TOMORROW study. Int J Rheum Dis. 2017;20(8):949-959. doi: 10.1111/1756-185X.13106</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">López-Longo FJ, Oliver-Miñarro D, de la Torre I, GonzálezDíaz de Rábago E, Sánchez-Ramón S, Rodríguez-Mahou M, et al. Association between anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies and ischemic heart disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;61(4):419-424. doi: 10.1002/art.24390</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">López-Longo FJ, Oliver-Miñarro D, de la Torre I, GonzálezDíaz de Rábago E, Sánchez-Ramón S, Rodríguez-Mahou M, et al. Association between anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies and ischemic heart disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;61(4):419-424. doi: 10.1002/art.24390</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Anyfanti P, Bekiari E, Angeloudi E, Pagkopoulou E, Kitas GD, Dimitroulas T. Arterial stiffness in rheumatoid arthritis: Current knowledge and future perspectives. Ind J Rheumatol. 2022;17(2):157-165. doi: 10.4103/injr.injr_254_21</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Anyfanti P, Bekiari E, Angeloudi E, Pagkopoulou E, Kitas GD, Dimitroulas T. Arterial stiffness in rheumatoid arthritis: Current knowledge and future perspectives. Ind J Rheumatol. 2022;17(2):157-165. doi: 10.4103/injr.injr_254_21</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vassilopoulos D, Gravos A, Vlachopoulos C, Kandili A, Ioakeimidis N, Pectasides D, et al. Adalimumab decreases aortic stiffness independently of its effect in disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rheumatol. 2015;34(2):359-364. doi: 10.1007/s10067-014-2718-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vassilopoulos D, Gravos A, Vlachopoulos C, Kandili A, Ioakeimidis N, Pectasides D, et al. Adalimumab decreases aortic stiffness independently of its effect in disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rheumatol. 2015;34(2):359-364. doi: 10.1007/s10067-014-2718-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mäki-Petäjä KM, Elkhawad M, Cheriyan J, Joshi FR, Ostör AJ, Hall FC, et al. Anti-tumor necrosis factor-α therapy reduces aortic inflammation and stiffness in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Circulation. 2012;126(21):2473-2480. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.120410</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mäki-Petäjä KM, Elkhawad M, Cheriyan J, Joshi FR, Ostör AJ, Hall FC, et al. Anti-tumor necrosis factor-α therapy reduces aortic inflammation and stiffness in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Circulation. 2012;126(21):2473-2480. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.120410</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mathieu S, Pereira B, Dubost JJ, Lusson JR, Soubrier M. No significant change in arterial stiffness in RA after 6 months and 1 year of rituximab treatment. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2012;51(6):11071111. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/kes006</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mathieu S, Pereira B, Dubost JJ, Lusson JR, Soubrier M. No significant change in arterial stiffness in RA after 6 months and 1 year of rituximab treatment. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2012;51(6):11071111. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/kes006</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Anyfanti P, Triantafyllou A, Gkaliagkousi E, Koletsos N, Aslanidis S, Douma S. Association of non-invasive hemodynamics with arterial stiffness in rheumatoid arthritis. Scand Cardiovasc J. 2018;52(4):171-176. doi: 10.1080/14017431.2018.1453943</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Anyfanti P, Triantafyllou A, Gkaliagkousi E, Koletsos N, Aslanidis S, Douma S. Association of non-invasive hemodynamics with arterial stiffness in rheumatoid arthritis. Scand Cardiovasc J. 2018;52(4):171-176. doi: 10.1080/14017431.2018.1453943</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
