<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rsp</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Научно-практическая ревматология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Rheumatology Science and Practice</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1995-4484</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1995-4492</issn><publisher><publisher-name>IMA-PRESS, LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.47360/1995-4484-2026-288-292</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">rsp-3948</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL RESEARCH</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Галектины-1,3,9 и генный автограф интерферона I типа при системной красной волчанке: есть ли взаимосвязь?</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Galectins-1, -3, -9 and type I interferon signature in systemic lupus erythematosus: Is there a relationship?</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1147-5936</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кондратьева</surname><given-names>Л. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kondratyeva</surname><given-names>L. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кондратьева Любовь Валерьевна</p><p>115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 34а</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Liubov Kondratyeva</p><p>115522, Moscow, Kashirskoye Highway, 34A</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">kondratyeva.liubov@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1053-6952</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Панафидина</surname><given-names>Т. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Panafidina</surname><given-names>T. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 34а</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>115522, Moscow, Kashirskoye Highway, 34A</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5793-4689</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Попкова</surname><given-names>Т. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Popkova</surname><given-names>T. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 34а</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>115522, Moscow, Kashirskoye Highway, 34A</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2024-6927</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Горбунова</surname><given-names>Ю. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gorbunova</surname><given-names>Yu. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 34а</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>115522, Moscow, Kashirskoye Highway, 34A</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6404-0042</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Диатроптов</surname><given-names>М. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Diatroptov</surname><given-names>M. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 34а</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>115522, Moscow, Kashirskoye Highway, 34A</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7312-2349</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Четина</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tchetina</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 34а</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>115522, Moscow, Kashirskoye Highway, 34A</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3057-9175</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Авдеева</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Avdeeva</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>115522, Москва, Каширское шоссе, 34а</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>115522, Moscow, Kashirskoye Highway, 34A</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт ревматологии им. В.А. Насоновой»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>V.A. Nasonova Research Institute of Rheumatology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>64</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>288</fpage><lpage>292</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Кондратьева Л.В., Панафидина Т.А., Попкова Т.В., Горбунова Ю.Н., Диатроптов М.Е., Четина Е.В., Авдеева А.С., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Кондратьева Л.В., Панафидина Т.А., Попкова Т.В., Горбунова Ю.Н., Диатроптов М.Е., Четина Е.В., Авдеева А.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kondratyeva L.V., Panafidina T.A., Popkova T.V., Gorbunova Y.N., Diatroptov M.E., Tchetina E.V., Avdeeva A.S.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rsp.mediar-press.net/rsp/article/view/3948">https://rsp.mediar-press.net/rsp/article/view/3948</self-uri><abstract><p>Цель исследования – уточнить взаимосвязь сывороточных уровней галектинов-1, -3 и -9 с генным автографом интерферона I типа (IFNGS, interferon gene signature) и сравнить возможности их использования в качестве биомаркеров «позитивного» интерферонового статуса у пациентов с системной красной волчанкой (СКВ)</p><sec><title>Материал и методы</title><p>Материал и методы. В поперечное исследование включено 60 женщин и 11 мужчин с диагнозом СКВ, установленным по критериям SLICC (Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics) 2012 г. Медиана возраста пациентов составила 33 [25; 43] года, длительности заболевания – 30 [2; 132] месяцев. Высокую и очень высокую активность СКВ (SLEDAI-2K (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index 2000) &gt;10) имели 19 (26,8%) больных, умеренную (SLEDAI-2K=5–10) – 24 (33,8%) пациента. Глюкокортикоиды получали 58 (81,7%), гидроксихлорохин – 57 (80,3%), иммуносупрессанты – 28 (39,4%) пациентов. В контрольную группу вошли 20 человек без иммуновоспалительных ревматических заболеваний. IFNGS оценивали по экспрессии интерферон-индуцированных генов (MX1, RSAD2, EPSTI1) с помощью полимеразной цепной реакции в режиме реального времени. Если средний уровень экспрессии указанных генов у больного превышал таковой в группе контроля, IFNGS считали «положительным», в противном случае – «отрицательным». Уровни галектинов-1, -3 и -9 определяли в сыворотке крови больных СКВ иммуноферментным методом (реактивы Cloud-Clone Corp., Китай).</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. «Положительный» IFNGS выявлен у 53 (74,6%) из 71 пациента с СКВ. Концентрации галектина-1 и галектина-3 оказались сопоставимы у пациентов с «положительным» и «отрицательным» IFNGS, а уровень галектина-9 был выше у пациентов с гиперэкспрессией генов (медиана – 0,009 [0,002; 0,69] против 0,002 [0,001; 0,003] пг/мл соответственно; р=0,02). Обнаружена слабая корреляция сывороточного содержания галектина-9 с экспрессией гена EPSTI1 (r=0,26; p=0,03). При проведении ROC-анализа возможности использования уровня галектина-9 в качестве маркера «положительного» IFNGS площадь под кривой составила 0,682 (95%-й доверительный интервал: 0,537–0,827; р=0,021), точка отсечения – 0,0025 пг/мл (чувствительность 71,7%, специфичность 72,2%).</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. У пациентов с СКВ сывороточные концентрации галектина-9, но не галектинов-1 и -3, были связаны с гиперэкспрессией гена EPSTI1, индуцируемого интерфероном I типа. ROC-анализ продемонстрировал среднее качество модели в случае использования галектина-9 как единственного серологического биомаркера «позитивного» IFNGS при СКВ. В дальнейших исследованиях необходимо уточнить диагностическую ценность комбинации галектина-9 с другими белками, синтез которых зависит от интерферона I типа.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The aim of the study – to clarify the relationship between serum levels of galectins-1, -3, and -9 and type I interferon gene signature (IFNGS) and to compare its potential as biomarkers of “positive” interferon status in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).</p><sec><title>Material and methods</title><p>Material and methods. The cross-sectional study included 60 women and 11 men with a diagnosis of SLE established according to the SLICC (Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics) 2012 criteria. The patients’ age was 33 [25; 43] years, and the median duration of the disease was 30 [2; 132] months. 19 (26.8 %) patients had high and very high SLE activity (SLEDAI-2K (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index 2000) &gt;10), and 24 (33.8%) had moderate activity (SLEDAI-2K=5–10). Glucocorticoids were received by 58 (81.7%), hydroxychloroquine – by 57 (80.3%), immunosuppressants – by 28 (39.4%) patients. The control group included 20 people without immunoinflammatory rheumatic diseases. IFNGS were evaluated by the expression of interferoninduced genes (MX1, RSAD2, EPSTI1) using real-time polymerase chain reaction. If the average indicated genes expression in the patient exceeded that in the control group, IFNGS was considered “positive”, if not – “negative”. Galectin-1, -3 and -9 levels were determined in the blood serum of SLE patients by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (reagents by Cloud-Clone Corp., China).</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. “Positive” IFNGS was detected in 53 (74.6%) of 71 patients with SLE. The galectin-1 and galectin-3 concentrations were comparable in patients with “positive” and “negative” IFNGS, while the level of galectin-9 was higher in patients with gene overexpression (0.009 [0.002; 0.69] vs 0.002 [0.001; 0.003] pg/ml, respectively; p=0.02). A weak correlation was found between serum galectin-9 levels and EPSTI1 gene expression (r=0.26; p=0.03). In the ROC analysis of using galectin-9 levels as a marker of “positive” IFNGS, the area under the curve was 0.682 (95% confidence interval: 0.537–0.827; p=0.021), and the cutoff point was 0.0025 pg/ml (sensitivity 71.7%, specificity 72.2%).</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. In SLE patients, serum concentrations of galectin-9, but not galectin-1 and galectin-3, were associated with overexpression of type I interferon-induced genes, namely, EPSTI1. ROC-analysis demonstrated the average quality of the model in the case of using galectin-9 as the only serological biomarker of “positive” IFNGS in SLE. Further research is needed to clarify the diagnostic value of the combination of galectin-9 with other proteins whose synthesis depends on type I interferon.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>галектин-1</kwd><kwd>галектин-3</kwd><kwd>галектин-9</kwd><kwd>интерферон I типа</kwd><kwd>генный автограф</kwd><kwd>биомаркеры</kwd><kwd>системная красная волчанка</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>galectin-1</kwd><kwd>galectin-3</kwd><kwd>galectin-9</kwd><kwd>type I interferon genes signatures</kwd><kwd>biomarkers</kwd><kwd>systemic lupus erythematosus</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование проводилось в рамках выполнения фундаментальной научной темы «Изучение иммунопатологии и подходы к терапии при системных ревматических заболеваниях» (РК 125020501434-1).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Насонов ЕЛ, Соловьев СК, Аршинов АВ. Системная красная волчанка: история и современность. Научно-практическая ревматология. 2022;60(4):397-412. doi: 10.47360/1995-4484-2022-397-412</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nasonov EL, Soloviev SK, Arshinov AV. Systemic lupus erythematosus: History and modernity. Nauchno-Prakticheskaya Revmatologia = Rheumatology Science and Practice. 2022;60(4):397-412 (In Russ.). doi: 10.47360/1995-4484-2022-397-412</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Авдеева АС, Алексанкин АП, Четина ЕВ, Горбунова ЮН, Попкова ТВ, Маркова ГА, и др. Иммунофенотипы системной красной волчанки – особенности клинических и лабораторных нарушений. Научно-практическая ревматология. 2024;62(4):394-401. doi: 10.47360/1995-4484-2024-394-401</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Avdeeva AS, Aleksankin AP, Tchetina EV, Gorbunova YuN, Popkova TV, Markova GA, et al. Immunophenotypes of systemic lupus erythematosus – features of clinical and laboratory disorders. Nauchno-Prakticheskaya Revmatologia = Rheumatology Science and Practice. 2024;62(4):394-401 (In Russ.). doi: 10.47360/1995-4484-2024-394-401</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Guthridge JM, Wagner CA, James JA. The promise of precision medicine in rheumatology. Nat Med. 2022;28(7):1363-1371. doi: 10.1038/s41591-022-01880-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guthridge JM, Wagner CA, James JA. The promise of precision medicine in rheumatology. Nat Med. 2022;28(7):1363-1371. doi: 10.1038/s41591-022-01880-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Guthridge JM, Lu R, Tran LT, Arriens C, Aberle T, Kamp S, et al. Adults with systemic lupus exhibit distinct molecular phenotypes in a cross-sectional study. EClinicalMedicine. 2020;20:100291. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100291</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guthridge JM, Lu R, Tran LT, Arriens C, Aberle T, Kamp S, et al. Adults with systemic lupus exhibit distinct molecular phenotypes in a cross-sectional study. EClinicalMedicine. 2020;20:100291. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100291</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Enocsson H, Wetterö J, Eloranta ML, Gullstrand B, Svanberg C, Larsson M, et al. Comparison of surrogate markers of the type I interferon response and their ability to mirror disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus. Front Immunol. 2021;12:688753. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.688753</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Enocsson H, Wetterö J, Eloranta ML, Gullstrand B, Svanberg C, Larsson M, et al. Comparison of surrogate markers of the type I interferon response and their ability to mirror disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus. Front Immunol. 2021;12:688753. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.688753</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">van den Hoogen LL, van Roon JAG, Mertens JS, Wienke J, Lopes AP, de Jager W, et al. Galectin-9 is an easy to measure biomarker for the interferon signature in systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis. 2018;77(12):1810-1814. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-213497</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">van den Hoogen LL, van Roon JAG, Mertens JS, Wienke J, Lopes AP, de Jager W, et al. Galectin-9 is an easy to measure biomarker for the interferon signature in systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis. 2018;77(12):1810-1814. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-213497</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кондратьева ЛВ, Попкова ТВ, Насонов ЕЛ. Галектины, антитела к ним и галектин-3-связывающий белок при системной красной волчанке. Научно-практическая ревматология. 2025;63(1):37-45. doi: 10.47360/1995-4484-2025-37-45</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kondratyeva LV, Popkova TV, Nasonov EL. Galectins, antibodies to them and galectin-3 binding protein in systemic lupus erythematosus. Nauchno-Prakticheskaya Revmatologia = Rheumatology Science and Practice. 2025;63(1):37-45 (In Russ.). doi: 10.47360/1995-4484-2025-37-45</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кондратьева ЛВ, Панафидина ТА, Горбунова ЮН, Попкова ТВ, Диатроптов МЕ, Авдеева АС. Галектины 1, 3 и 9 у больных системной красной волчанкой: есть ли связь с активностью заболевания или клиническими проявлениями? Современная ревматология. 2025;19(5):20-25. doi: 10.14412/1996-7012-2025-5-20-25</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kondrateva LV, Panafidina TA, Gorbunova YN, Popkova TV, Diatroptov ME, Avdeeva AS. Galectins 1, 3 and 9 in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: Is there an association with disease activity or clinical manifestations? Modern Rheumatology Journal. 2025;19(5):20-25 (In Russ.). doi: 10.14412/1996-7012-2025-5-20-25</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gómez-Bañuelos E, Goldman DW, Andrade V, Darrah E, Petri M, Andrade F. Uncoupling interferons and the interferon signature explains clinical and transcriptional subsets in SLE. Cell Rep Med. 2024;5(5):101569. doi: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2024.101569</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gómez-Bañuelos E, Goldman DW, Andrade V, Darrah E, Petri M, Andrade F. Uncoupling interferons and the interferon signature explains clinical and transcriptional subsets in SLE. Cell Rep Med. 2024;5(5):101569. doi: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2024.101569</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Панафидина ТА, Попкова ТВ, Горбунова ЮН, Кондратьева ЛВ, Четина ЕВ, Авдеева АС, и др. Клиническое значение интерферонового статуса у пациентов с системной красной волчанкой. Предварительные данные. Научно-практическая ревматология. 2025;63(1):95-103. doi: 10.47360/1995-4484-2025-95-103</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Panafidina TA, Popkova TV, Gorbunova YuN, Kondratyeva LV, Tchetina EV, Avdeeva AS, et al. Clinical significance of interferon status in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Preliminary data. NauchnoPrakticheskaya Revmatologia = Rheumatology Science and Practice. 2025;63(1):95-103 (In Russ.). doi: 10.47360/1995-4484-2025-95-103</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Petri M, Orbai AM, Alarcón GS, Gordon C, Merrill JT, Fortin PR, et al. Derivation and validation of the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics classification criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64(8):2677-2686. doi: 10.1002/art.34473</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Petri M, Orbai AM, Alarcón GS, Gordon C, Merrill JT, Fortin PR, et al. Derivation and validation of the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics classification criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64(8):2677-2686. doi: 10.1002/art.34473</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kuca-Warnawin E, Skalska U, Janicka I, Musiałowicz U, Bonek K, Głuszko P, et al. The phenotype and secretory activity of adiposederived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) of patients with rheumatic diseases. Cells. 2019;8(12):1659. doi: 10.3390/cells8121659</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kuca-Warnawin E, Skalska U, Janicka I, Musiałowicz U, Bonek K, Głuszko P, et al. The phenotype and secretory activity of adiposederived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) of patients with rheumatic diseases. Cells. 2019;8(12):1659. doi: 10.3390/cells8121659</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yaseen H, Butenko S, Polishuk-Zotkin I, Schif-Zuck S, PérezSáez JM, Rabinovich GA, et al. Galectin-1 facilitates macrophage reprogramming and resolution of inflammation through IFN-β. Front Pharmacol. 2020;11:901. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00901</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yaseen H, Butenko S, Polishuk-Zotkin I, Schif-Zuck S, PérezSáez JM, Rabinovich GA, et al. Galectin-1 facilitates macrophage reprogramming and resolution of inflammation through IFN-β. Front Pharmacol. 2020;11:901. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00901</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mobergslien A, Sioud M. Galectin-1 and -3 gene silencing in immature and mature dendritic cells enhances T cell activation and interferon-γ production. J Leukoc Biol. 2012;91(3):461-467. doi: 10.1189/jlb.0711361</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mobergslien A, Sioud M. Galectin-1 and -3 gene silencing in immature and mature dendritic cells enhances T cell activation and interferon-γ production. J Leukoc Biol. 2012;91(3):461-467. doi: 10.1189/jlb.0711361</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Beccaria CG, Amezcua Vesely MC, Fiocca Vernengo F, Gehrau RC, Ramello MC, Tosello Boari J, et al. Galectin-3 deficiency drives lupus-like disease by promoting spontaneous germinal centers formation via IFN-γ. Nat Commun. 2018;9(1):1628. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-04063-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Beccaria CG, Amezcua Vesely MC, Fiocca Vernengo F, Gehrau RC, Ramello MC, Tosello Boari J, et al. Galectin-3 deficiency drives lupus-like disease by promoting spontaneous germinal centers formation via IFN-γ. Nat Commun. 2018;9(1):1628. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-04063-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gieseke F, Kruchen A, Tzaribachev N, Bentzien F, Dominici M, Müller I. Proinflammatory stimuli induce galectin-9 in human mesenchymal stromal cells to suppress T-cell proliferation. Eur J Immunol. 2013;43(10):2741-2749. doi: 10.1002/eji.201343335</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gieseke F, Kruchen A, Tzaribachev N, Bentzien F, Dominici M, Müller I. Proinflammatory stimuli induce galectin-9 in human mesenchymal stromal cells to suppress T-cell proliferation. Eur J Immunol. 2013;43(10):2741-2749. doi: 10.1002/eji.201343335</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ishii T, Onda H, Tanigawa A, Ohshima S, Fujiwara H, Mima T, et al. Isolation and expression profiling of genes upregulated in the peripheral blood cells of systemic lupus erythematosus patients. DNA Res. 2005;12(6):429-439. doi: 10.1093/dnares/dsi020</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ishii T, Onda H, Tanigawa A, Ohshima S, Fujiwara H, Mima T, et al. Isolation and expression profiling of genes upregulated in the peripheral blood cells of systemic lupus erythematosus patients. DNA Res. 2005;12(6):429-439. doi: 10.1093/dnares/dsi020</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yang Y, Zhang H, Xiao X, Guo M. Identification of EPSTI1 as a new potential biomarker for SLE based on GEO database. Clin Rheumatol. 2024;43(5):1531-1540. doi: 10.1007/s10067-024-06881-z</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yang Y, Zhang H, Xiao X, Guo M. Identification of EPSTI1 as a new potential biomarker for SLE based on GEO database. Clin Rheumatol. 2024;43(5):1531-1540. doi: 10.1007/s10067-024-06881-z</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fanouriakis A, Kostopoulou M, Andersen J, Aringer M, Arnaud L, Bae SC, et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of systemic lupus erythematosus: 2023 update. Ann Rheum Dis. 2024;83(1):15-29. doi: 10.1136/ard-2023-224762</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fanouriakis A, Kostopoulou M, Andersen J, Aringer M, Arnaud L, Bae SC, et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of systemic lupus erythematosus: 2023 update. Ann Rheum Dis. 2024;83(1):15-29. doi: 10.1136/ard-2023-224762</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Насонов ЕЛ, Лила АМ, Попкова ТВ, Соловьев СК, Решетняк ТМ, Асеева ЕА, и др. Системная красная волчанка: клинические рекомендации. М.;2025. URL: https://cr.minzdrav.gov.ru/view-cr/484_2 (Accessed: 2nd February 2026).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nasonov EL, Lila AM, Popkova TV, Soloviev SK, Reshetnyak TM, Aseeva EA, et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus: Clinical recommendations. Moscow;2025 (In Russ.). URL: https://cr.minzdrav.gov.ru/view-cr/484_2 (Accessed: 2nd February 2026).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
