rspНаучно-практическая ревматологияRheumatology Science and Practice1995-44841995-4492IMA-PRESS, LLC10.14412/1995-4484-2011-607rsp-745Research ArticleСтатьиArticlesДИНАМИКА ПРЕДСТАВЛЕНИЙ О БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ ГЛЮКОКОРТИКОИДОВ ПРИ РЕВМАТОИДНОМ АРТРИТЕTrends in the idea of the safety of glucocorticoids in rheumatoid arthritisMurav'evYu VMurav'evYu Vmurawyu@mail.ru <mailto:murawyu@mail.ru>Murav'evaL AMurav'evaL A-МуравьевЮ. В.MuravyevYu V-MuravyevaL AMuravyevaL A-201115042011492№2 (2011)7178Copyright © Murav'ev Y.V., Murav'eva L.A., Муравьев Ю.В., Muravyeva L.A., 20112011Murav'ev Y.V., Murav'eva L.A., Муравьев Ю.В., Muravyeva L.A.Murav'ev Y.V., Murav'eva L.A., Muravyev Y.V., Muravyeva L.A.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://rsp.mediar-press.net/rsp/article/view/745References<div><p>Hench P.S., Kendall E.C., Slocumb C.H., Polley H.F. The effect of a hormone of the adrenal cortex (17-hydroxy-11-dehydrocortisone; compound E) and the pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone on rheumatoid arthritis. Proc Staff Meet Mayo Clin 1949;24:181.</p><p>Hench P.S., Kendall E.C., Slocumb C.H., Polley H.F. Adrenocortical Hormone in Arthritis: Preliminary Report. Ann Rheum Dis 1949;8:97-104.</p><p>Freinberg R.H., Traeger C.H., Patterson M. et al. Problems of prolonged cortisone treatment for rheumatoid arthritis. JAMA 1951;147:1538-43.</p><p>Ward L.E., Polley H.F., Slocumb C.H., Hench P.S. Cortisone in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. JAMA 1953;152:119-2.</p><p>Ward L.E., Polley H.F., Power M.H. et al. Prednisolone in rheumatoid arthtritis: Metabolic and clinical effects. Ann Rheum Dis 1958;17:145-59.</p><p>Bollet A.J., Black R., Bunim J.J. Major undesirable effects resulting from prednisolone and prednisone. JAMA 1955;158:459-63.</p><p>Criswell L.A., Saag K.G., Sems K.M. et al. Moderate-term, low-dose corticosteroids for rheumatoid arthritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000;2:CD001158.</p><p>Buttgereit F., Da Silva J.A.P., Boers M. et al. Standartized nomenclature for glucocorticoid dosage and glucocorticoid treatment regimes: current questions and tentative answers in rheumatology. Ann Rheum Dis 2002;61:718-22.</p><p>Polley H.F. Present therapeutic status of cortisone and its derivatives, with special reference to rheumatic diseases. Br Med J 1956;2:1253-9.</p><p>Sliwinska-Stanczyk P., Pazdur J., Ziolkowska M. et al. The effect of methyl-prednisolone on proliferation of PBMCs obtained from steroid-sensitive and steroid-resistant rheumatoid arthritis patients. Scand J Rheumatol 2007;36:167-71.</p><p>Kirwan J.R. Glucocorticoid resistance in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol 2007;36:165-6.</p><p>Kirwan J., Power L. Glucocorticoids: action and new therapeutic insights in rheumatoid arthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2007;19:233-7.</p><p>Ingle D.J., Kendall E.C. Atrophy of the adrenal cortex of the rat produced by the administration of large amounts of cortin. Science 1937;86:245.</p><p>Salassa R.M., Bennett W.A., Keating F.R. Jr., Sprague R.G. Postoperative adrenal cortical insufficiency; occurrence in patients previously treated with cortisone. J Am Med Assoc 1953;152:1509-15.</p><p>Bennett W.A. Histopathological alterations of adrenal and anterior pituitary glands in patients treated with Cortisone. J Bone Jt Surg 1954;36:867.</p><p>Kilby R.A., Bennett W.A., Sprague R.G. Anterior pituitary glands in patients treated with cortisone and corticotropin J Path 1957;33:155.</p><p>De Andrade J.R., McCormick J.N., Hill A.G.S. Small doses of prednisolone in the management of rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1964;23:158-62.</p><p>Ward L.E. Precautions in the use of cortisone for treatment of rheumatic diseases. Minn Med 1955;38:304-8.</p><p>Bluestone R. Rheumatoid arthritis. Medical management. Br Med J 1970:4:602-4.</p><p>Bayliss R.I. Surgical collapse during and after corticosteroid therapy. Br Med J 1958;18(2):935-6.</p><p>Adams D.A., Gold E.M., Gonick H.C., Maxwell M.H. Adrenocortical function during intermittent corticosteroid therapy. Ann Intern Med 1966;64:542-51.</p><p>Fleisher D.S. Pituitary-adrenal responsiveness after coricosteroid therapy in children with nephrosis. J Pediatr 1967;70:54-9.</p><p>Dekkers J.C., Godaert G.L., van Doornen L.J. et al. Durinal rhythm of salivary cortisol levels in patients with recentoncet rheumatoid arthritis Arthr Rheum 2000;43:464-7.</p><p>Bijlsma J.W., Cutolo M., Masi A.T., Chikanza I.C. The neuroendocrine immune basis of rheumatic diseases. Immunol Today 1999;20:298-301.</p><p>Cutolo M., Foppiani L., Prete C. et al. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis function in premenopausal women with rheumatoid arthritis not treated with glucocorticoids. J Rheumatol 1999;26:282-8.</p><p>Harbuz M.S., Jessop D.S. Is there a defect in cortisol production in rheumatoid arthritis? Rheumatology 1999;38:298-302.</p><p>Crofford L.J., Kalogeras K.T., Mastorakos G. et al.Circadian relationships between interleukin (IL)-6 and hypothalam-ic-pituitary-adrenal axis hormones: failure of IL-6 to cause sustained hypercortisolism in patients with early untreated rheumatoid arthritis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:1279-83.</p><p>Straub R.H., Cutolo M. Circadian rhythmsin rheumatoid arthritis: implications for pathophysiology and therapeutic management. Arthr Rheum 2007;56:399-408.</p><p>Kirschbaum C., Hellhammer D.H. Salivary cortisol in psychobiological research: an overview. Neuropsychobiology 1989;22:150-69.</p><p>Schmidt-Reinwald A., Pruessner J.C., Hellhammer D.H. et al. The cortisol response to awakening in relation to different challenge tests and a 12-hour cortisol rhythm. Life Sci 1999;64:1653-60.</p><p>Jessop D.S., Harbuz M.S. A defect in cortisol production in rheumatoid arthritis: why are we still looking? Rheumatology (Oxford) 2005;44:1097-100.</p><p>Perry M.G., Kirwan J.R., Jessop D.S. et al. Overnight variations in cortisol, interleukin 6, tumour necrosis factor alpha and other cytokines in people with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2009;68:63-8.</p><p>Westhoff G., Buttgereit F., Gromnica-Ihle E. et al. Morning stiffness and its influence on early retirement in patients with recent onset rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2008;47:980-4.</p><p>Barnes C.G. Rheumatoid arthritis. In: Currey H.L.F., ed. Masoni and Currev's Clinical Rheumatology. London: Pitman Medical, 1980.</p><p>Khurana R., Berney S.M. Clinical aspects of rheumatoid arthritis. Pathophysiology 2005;12:153-65.</p><p>Straub R.H., Cutolo M. Circadian rhythms in rheumatoid arthritis: implications for pathophysiology and therapeutic management. Arthr Rheum 2007;56:399-408.</p><p>Buttgereit F., Doering G.,Schaeffler A. et al. Targeting pathophysiological rhythms: prednisone chronotherapy shows sustained efficacy in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69:1275-80.</p><p>Jacobs J.W., Bijlsma J.W. Modified release prednisone in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69:1257-9.</p><p>Kirwan J.R., Clarke L., Hunt L.P. et al. Effect of novel therapeutic glucocorticoids on circadian rhythms of hormones and cytokines in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010;1193:127-33.</p><p>Di Raimondo V.C., Forsham P.H. Some clinical implications of spontancous diurnal variation in adrenal cortical secretory activity. Am J Med 1956;21:321-3.</p><p>Myles A.B., Daly J.R. Corticosteroid and ACTH treatment: pritnciples and problems. London: Arnold, 1974;66-81.</p><p>Klinefelter H.F. Winkenwerdcr W.L., Bledsoe T. Single daily dose prednisone therapy. JAMA 1979;241:2721-3.</p><p>Kowanko I.C., Pownall R., Knapp M.S. et al. Time of day of prednisolone administration in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1982;41:447-52.</p><p>Nugent C.A. Ward J., MacDiarmid W.D. et al. Glucocorticoid toxicity: single contrasted with divided daily doses of prednisolone. J Chron Dis 1965;18:323-32.</p><p>Nichols T., Nugent C.A., Tyler F.H. Diurnal variation in suppression of adrenal function by glucocorticoids. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1965;25:343-9.</p><p>Ceresa F., Angeli A., Boccuzzi G., Molino G. Once-a-day neurally stimulated and basal ACTH secretion phases in man and their response to corticoid inhibition. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1969;29:1074-82.</p><p>De Silva M., Binder A., Hazleman B.L. The timing of prednisolone dosage and its effect on morning stiffness in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1984;43:790-3.</p><p>Jasani M.K., Diver M.J., Bell A.M. Some clinical observations on the diurnal rhythm of plasma cortisol (11-OHCS) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with oral corticosteroid drugs. Curr Med Res Opin 1974;2:373-86.</p><p>Alten R., Döring G., Cutolo M. et al. Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis function in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with nighttime-release prednisone. J Rheumatol 2010;37:2025-31.</p><p>Schäcke H., Döcke W.D., Asadullah K. Mechanisms involved in the side effects of glucocorticoids. Pharmacol Ther 2002;96:23-43.</p><p>Bijlsma J.W., Straub R.H., Masi A.T. et al. Neuroendocrine immune mechanisms in rheumatic diseases. Trends Immunol 2002;23:59-66.</p><p>Scott D.L., Grindulis K.A., Struthers G.R. et al. Progression of radiological changes in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1984;43:8-17.</p><p>Pincus T., Brooks R.H., Callahan L.F. Prediction of long-term mortality in patients with rheumatoid arthritis according to simple questionnaire and joint count measures. Ann Intern Med 1994;120:26-34.</p><p>Pincus T., Callahan L.F., Sale W.G. Severe functional declines, work disability, and increased mortality in seventy-five rheumatoid arthritis patients studied over nine years. Arthr Rheum 1984;27:864-72.</p><p>Wilske K.B., Healey L.A. Remodeling the pyramid - a concept whose time has come. J Rheumatol 1989;16:565-7.</p><p>Bijsma J.W., Boers M., Saag K.G., Furst D.E. Glucocorticoids in the treatment of early and late RA. Ann Rheun Dis 2003;62:1033-7.</p><p>Kalla A.A., Tikly M. Rheumatoid arthritis in the developing world. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2003;17:863-75.</p><p>American College of Rheumatology Subcommittee on Rheumatoid Arthritis Guidelines Guidelines for the Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis 2002 Update. Arthr Rheum 2002;46:328-46.</p><p>Kirwan J.R. The effects of glucocorticoids on joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med 1995;333:142-6.</p><p>Kirwan J.R., Bijlsma J.W., Boers M., Saag K.G. Effect of glucocorticoids on radiological progression in rheumatoid arthritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007;1:CD006356.</p><p>Conn D.L. Resolved: low-dose pred-nisone is indicated as a standard treatment in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthr Care Res 2001;45:462-7.</p><p>Grijalva C.G., Kaltenbach L., Arbogast P. G. et al. Initiation of rheumatoid arthritis treatments and the risk of serious infections Rheumatology (Oxford) 2010;49:82-90.</p><p>Pensabeni-Jasper T., Panush R.S. Review: corticosteroid usage: observations at a community hospital. Am J Med Sci 1996;311:234-9.</p><p>Hoes J.N., Jacobs J.W.G., Boers M. et al. EULAR evidence-based recommendations on the management of systemic glucocorticoid therapy in rheumatic diseases. Ann Rheum Dis 2007;66:1560-7. 65. Wassenberg S., Rau R., Steinfeld P. et al. Very low-dose prednisolone in early rheumatoid arthritis retards radiographic progression over two years: a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arthr Rheum 2005;52:3371-80.</p><p>Svensson B., Boonen A., Albertsson K. et al. 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Efficacy of prednisone 1-4 mg/day in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo controlled withdrawal clinical trial. Ann Rheum Dis 2009;68:1715-20.</p><p>Schacke H., Docke W.D., Asadullah K. Mechanisms involved in the side effects of glucocorticoids. Pharmacol Ther 2002;96:23-43.</p><p>Fleischmann R.M., Schechtman J., Bennett R. et al. Anakinra, a recombinant human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (r-metHuIL-1ra), in patientswith rheumatoid arthritis: a large, international, multicenter, placebo-controlled trial. Arthr Rheum 2003;48:927-34.</p><p>Dernis E., Ruyssen-Witrand A., Mouterde G . et al. Use of glucocorticoids in rheumatoid arthritis - practical modalities of glucocorticoid therapy: recommendations for clinical practice based on data from the literature and expert opinion. Joint Bone Spine 2010;77:451-7.</p><p>Ruyssen-Witrand A., Claudepierre P., Schaeverbeke T. et al. Indications of glucocorticoids in early arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis: Recommendations for clinical practice based on data from the literature and expert opinion. Joint Bone Spine 2010, Jul 1 [Epub. ahead of print].</p><p>Van der Goes M.C., Jacobs J.W., Boers M. et al. Monitoring adverse events of low-dose glucocorticoid therapy: EULAR recommendations for clinical trials and daily practice. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69:1913-9.</p><p>Rosen J., Miner J.N. The Search for Safer Glucocorticoid Receptor Ligands. Endocrine Reviews 2005;26:452-64.</p><p>Gossye V., Elewaut D., Van Beneden K. et al. A plant-derived glucocorticoid receptor modulator attenuates inflammation without provoking ligand-induced resistance. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69:291-6.</p><p>Arvidson N.G., Gudbjörnsson B., Larsson A., Hä llgren R. The timing of glucocorticoid administration in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1997;56:27-31.</p><p>Esteban N.V., Loughlin T., Yergey A.L. et al. Daily cortisol production rate in man determined by stable isotope dilution/mass spectrometry. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991;72:39-45.</p><p>Linder B.L., Esteban N.V., Yergey A.L. et al. Cortisol production rate in childhood and adolescence. J Pediatr 1990;117:892-6.</p><p>Peters M.J.L., Symmons D.P.M., McCarey D. et al. EULAR evidence-based recommendations for cardiovascular risk management in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other forms of inflammatory arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69:325-31.</p><p>Da Silva J.A.P., Jacobs J.W.G., Kirwan J.R. et al. Safety of low dose glucocorticoid treatment in rheumatoid arthritis: published evidence and prospective trial data. Ann Rheum Dis 2006;65:285-93.</p><p>Dessein P.H., Joffe B.I., Stanwix A.E. et al. Glucocorticoids and insulin sensitivity in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 2004;31:867-74.</p><p>Panoulas V.F., Douglas K.M.J., Stavropoulos-Kalinoglou A. et al. Long-term exposure to medium-dose glucocorticoid therapy associates with hypertension in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2008;47:72-5.</p><p>Hallgren R., Berne C. Glucose intolerance in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases is normalized by glucocorticoids. Acta Med Scand 1983;213:351-5.</p><p>Boers M., Nurmohamed M.T.,</p><p>Doelman C.J.A. et al. Influence of glucocorticoids and disease activity on total and high density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2003;62:842-5.</p><p>Wei L., MacDonald T.M., Walker B.R. Taking glucocorticoids by prescription is associated with subsequent cardiovascular disease. Ann Intern Med 2004;141:764-70.</p><p>Semb A.G., Kvien T.K., Aastveit A.H. et al. Extended report: Lipids, myocardial infarction and ischaemic stroke in patients with rheumatoid arthritis in the Apolipoprotein-related Mortality RISk (AMORIS) Study. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69:1996-2001.</p><p>Новикова Д.С., Попкова Т.В., Насонов Е.Л. Профилактика сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний при ревматоидном артрите. Тер арх 2009;5:85-6.</p></div><br /><div><p>Hench P.S., Kendall E.C., Slocumb C.H., Polley H.F. The effect of a hormone of the adrenal cortex (17-hydroxy-11-dehydrocortisone; compound E) and the pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone on rheumatoid arthritis. Proc Staff Meet Mayo Clin 1949;24:181.</p><p>Hench P.S., Kendall E.C., Slocumb C.H., Polley H.F. Adrenocortical Hormone in Arthritis: Preliminary Report. Ann Rheum Dis 1949;8:97-104.</p><p>Freinberg R.H., Traeger C.H., Patterson M. et al. Problems of prolonged cortisone treatment for rheumatoid arthritis. JAMA 1951;147:1538-43.</p><p>Ward L.E., Polley H.F., Slocumb C.H., Hench P.S. Cortisone in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. JAMA 1953;152:119-2.</p><p>Ward L.E., Polley H.F., Power M.H. et al. Prednisolone in rheumatoid arthtritis: Metabolic and clinical effects. Ann Rheum Dis 1958;17:145-59.</p><p>Bollet A.J., Black R., Bunim J.J. Major undesirable effects resulting from prednisolone and prednisone. JAMA 1955;158:459-63.</p><p>Criswell L.A., Saag K.G., Sems K.M. et al. Moderate-term, low-dose corticosteroids for rheumatoid arthritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000;2:CD001158.</p><p>Buttgereit F., Da Silva J.A.P., Boers M. et al. Standartized nomenclature for glucocorticoid dosage and glucocorticoid treatment regimes: current questions and tentative answers in rheumatology. Ann Rheum Dis 2002;61:718-22.</p><p>Polley H.F. Present therapeutic status of cortisone and its derivatives, with special reference to rheumatic diseases. Br Med J 1956;2:1253-9.</p><p>Sliwinska-Stanczyk P., Pazdur J., Ziolkowska M. et al. The effect of methyl-prednisolone on proliferation of PBMCs obtained from steroid-sensitive and steroid-resistant rheumatoid arthritis patients. Scand J Rheumatol 2007;36:167-71.</p><p>Kirwan J.R. Glucocorticoid resistance in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol 2007;36:165-6.</p><p>Kirwan J., Power L. Glucocorticoids: action and new therapeutic insights in rheumatoid arthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2007;19:233-7.</p><p>Ingle D.J., Kendall E.C. Atrophy of the adrenal cortex of the rat produced by the administration of large amounts of cortin. Science 1937;86:245.</p><p>Salassa R.M., Bennett W.A., Keating F.R. Jr., Sprague R.G. Postoperative adrenal cortical insufficiency; occurrence in patients previously treated with cortisone. J Am Med Assoc 1953;152:1509-15.</p><p>Bennett W.A. Histopathological alterations of adrenal and anterior pituitary glands in patients treated with Cortisone. J Bone Jt Surg 1954;36:867.</p><p>Kilby R.A., Bennett W.A., Sprague R.G. Anterior pituitary glands in patients treated with cortisone and corticotropin J Path 1957;33:155.</p><p>De Andrade J.R., McCormick J.N., Hill A.G.S. Small doses of prednisolone in the management of rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1964;23:158-62.</p><p>Ward L.E. Precautions in the use of cortisone for treatment of rheumatic diseases. Minn Med 1955;38:304-8.</p><p>Bluestone R. Rheumatoid arthritis. Medical management. Br Med J 1970:4:602-4.</p><p>Bayliss R.I. Surgical collapse during and after corticosteroid therapy. Br Med J 1958;18(2):935-6.</p><p>Adams D.A., Gold E.M., Gonick H.C., Maxwell M.H. Adrenocortical function during intermittent corticosteroid therapy. Ann Intern Med 1966;64:542-51.</p><p>Fleisher D.S. Pituitary-adrenal responsiveness after coricosteroid therapy in children with nephrosis. J Pediatr 1967;70:54-9.</p><p>Dekkers J.C., Godaert G.L., van Doornen L.J. et al. Durinal rhythm of salivary cortisol levels in patients with recentoncet rheumatoid arthritis Arthr Rheum 2000;43:464-7.</p><p>Bijlsma J.W., Cutolo M., Masi A.T., Chikanza I.C. The neuroendocrine immune basis of rheumatic diseases. Immunol Today 1999;20:298-301.</p><p>Cutolo M., Foppiani L., Prete C. et al. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis function in premenopausal women with rheumatoid arthritis not treated with glucocorticoids. J Rheumatol 1999;26:282-8.</p><p>Harbuz M.S., Jessop D.S. Is there a defect in cortisol production in rheumatoid arthritis? Rheumatology 1999;38:298-302.</p><p>Crofford L.J., Kalogeras K.T., Mastorakos G. et al.Circadian relationships between interleukin (IL)-6 and hypothalam-ic-pituitary-adrenal axis hormones: failure of IL-6 to cause sustained hypercortisolism in patients with early untreated rheumatoid arthritis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:1279-83.</p><p>Straub R.H., Cutolo M. Circadian rhythmsin rheumatoid arthritis: implications for pathophysiology and therapeutic management. Arthr Rheum 2007;56:399-408.</p><p>Kirschbaum C., Hellhammer D.H. Salivary cortisol in psychobiological research: an overview. Neuropsychobiology 1989;22:150-69.</p><p>Schmidt-Reinwald A., Pruessner J.C., Hellhammer D.H. et al. The cortisol response to awakening in relation to different challenge tests and a 12-hour cortisol rhythm. Life Sci 1999;64:1653-60.</p><p>Jessop D.S., Harbuz M.S. A defect in cortisol production in rheumatoid arthritis: why are we still looking? Rheumatology (Oxford) 2005;44:1097-100.</p><p>Perry M.G., Kirwan J.R., Jessop D.S. et al. Overnight variations in cortisol, interleukin 6, tumour necrosis factor alpha and other cytokines in people with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2009;68:63-8.</p><p>Westhoff G., Buttgereit F., Gromnica-Ihle E. et al. Morning stiffness and its influence on early retirement in patients with recent onset rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2008;47:980-4.</p><p>Barnes C.G. Rheumatoid arthritis. In: Currey H.L.F., ed. Masoni and Currev's Clinical Rheumatology. London: Pitman Medical, 1980.</p><p>Khurana R., Berney S.M. Clinical aspects of rheumatoid arthritis. Pathophysiology 2005;12:153-65.</p><p>Straub R.H., Cutolo M. Circadian rhythms in rheumatoid arthritis: implications for pathophysiology and therapeutic management. Arthr Rheum 2007;56:399-408.</p><p>Buttgereit F., Doering G.,Schaeffler A. et al. Targeting pathophysiological rhythms: prednisone chronotherapy shows sustained efficacy in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69:1275-80.</p><p>Jacobs J.W., Bijlsma J.W. Modified release prednisone in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69:1257-9.</p><p>Kirwan J.R., Clarke L., Hunt L.P. et al. Effect of novel therapeutic glucocorticoids on circadian rhythms of hormones and cytokines in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010;1193:127-33.</p><p>Di Raimondo V.C., Forsham P.H. Some clinical implications of spontancous diurnal variation in adrenal cortical secretory activity. Am J Med 1956;21:321-3.</p><p>Myles A.B., Daly J.R. Corticosteroid and ACTH treatment: pritnciples and problems. London: Arnold, 1974;66-81.</p><p>Klinefelter H.F. Winkenwerdcr W.L., Bledsoe T. Single daily dose prednisone therapy. JAMA 1979;241:2721-3.</p><p>Kowanko I.C., Pownall R., Knapp M.S. et al. Time of day of prednisolone administration in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1982;41:447-52.</p><p>Nugent C.A. Ward J., MacDiarmid W.D. et al. Glucocorticoid toxicity: single contrasted with divided daily doses of prednisolone. J Chron Dis 1965;18:323-32.</p><p>Nichols T., Nugent C.A., Tyler F.H. Diurnal variation in suppression of adrenal function by glucocorticoids. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1965;25:343-9.</p><p>Ceresa F., Angeli A., Boccuzzi G., Molino G. Once-a-day neurally stimulated and basal ACTH secretion phases in man and their response to corticoid inhibition. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1969;29:1074-82.</p><p>De Silva M., Binder A., Hazleman B.L. 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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.