<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">rsp</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Научно-практическая ревматология</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Rheumatology Science and Practice</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1995-4484</issn><issn pub-type="epub">1995-4492</issn><publisher><publisher-name>IMA-PRESS, LLC</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14412/1995-4484-2010-729</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">rsp-866</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Articles</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>МАРКЕРЫ ВОСПАЛЕНИЯ У БОЛЬНЫХ С АНТИФОСФОЛИПИДНЫМ СИНДРОМОМ C КАРДИОВАСКУЛЯРНОЙ ПАТОЛОГИЕЙ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>MARKERS OF INFLAMMATION IN PATIENTS WITH ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME AND CARDIOVASCULAR PATHOLOGY</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Середавкина</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Seredavkina</surname><given-names>Nataliya Valer'evna</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">n_seredavkina@mail.ru</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Решетняк</surname><given-names>Т. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Reshetnyak</surname><given-names>T M</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">-</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Александрова</surname><given-names>Елена Николаевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Aleksandrova</surname><given-names>E N</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">-</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Новиков</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Novikov</surname><given-names>A A</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">-</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Mach</surname><given-names>E S</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mach</surname><given-names>E S</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">-</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Новикова</surname><given-names>Д. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Novikova</surname><given-names>D S</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">-</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Diatroptova</surname><given-names>M A</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Diatroptova</surname><given-names>M A</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">-</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Насонов</surname><given-names>Евгений Львович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nasonov</surname><given-names>E L</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">-</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Середавкина</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Seredavkina</surname><given-names>Nataliya Valeryevna</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">n_seredavkina@mail.ru &amp;lt;mailto:n_seredavkina@mail.ru&amp;gt;</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Решетняк</surname><given-names>Т. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Reshetnyak</surname><given-names>T M</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">-</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Александрова</surname><given-names>Елена Николаевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Aleksandrova</surname><given-names>E N</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">-</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Новиков</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Novikov</surname><given-names>A A</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">-</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Mach</surname><given-names>E S</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mach</surname><given-names>E S</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">-</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Новикова</surname><given-names>Д. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Novikova</surname><given-names>D S</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">-</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Diatroptova</surname><given-names>M A</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Diatroptova</surname><given-names>M A</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">-</email></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Насонов</surname><given-names>Евгений Львович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nasonov</surname><given-names>E L</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">-</email></contrib></contrib-group><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2010</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>15</day><month>10</month><year>2010</year></pub-date><volume>48</volume><issue>5</issue><issue-title>№5 (2010)</issue-title><fpage>37</fpage><lpage>43</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Середавкина Н.В., Решетняк Т.М., Александрова Е.Н., Новиков А.А., Mach E.S., Новикова Д.С., Diatroptova M.A., Насонов Е.Л., Середавкина Н.В., Решетняк Т.М., Александрова Е.Н., Новиков А.А., Mach E.S., Новикова Д.С., Diatroptova M.A., Насонов Е.Л., 2010</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2010</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Середавкина Н.В., Решетняк Т.М., Александрова Е.Н., Новиков А.А., Mach E.S., Новикова Д.С., Diatroptova M.A., Насонов Е.Л., Середавкина Н.В., Решетняк Т.М., Александрова Е.Н., Новиков А.А., Mach E.S., Новикова Д.С., Diatroptova M.A., Насонов Е.Л.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Seredavkina N.V., Reshetnyak T.M., Aleksandrova E.N., Novikov A.A., Mach E.S., Novikova D.S., Diatroptova M.A., Nasonov E.L., Seredavkina N.V., Reshetnyak T.M., Aleksandrova E.N., Novikov A.A., Mach E.S., Novikova D.S., Diatroptova M.A., Nasonov E.L.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rsp.mediar-press.net/rsp/article/view/866">https://rsp.mediar-press.net/rsp/article/view/866</self-uri><abstract><p>Цель. Оценить уровни высокочувствительного С-реактивного белка (вчСРБ), интерлейкина 6 (ИЛ 6), фактора некроза опухоли α (ФНО α) и растворимого ФНО α-рецептора 1 (рФНО α-Р1) у больных с антифосфолипидным синдромом (АФС) и их связь с кардиоваскулярной патологией.
Материал и методы. Обследованы 96 больных: 52 с первичным АФС (ПАФС), 44 с системной красной волчанкой (СКВ) и АФС. Группу контроля составили 29 человек без признаков аутоиммунного заболевания. Были исследованы уровни вчСРБ, ИЛ 6, ФНО α, рФНО α-Р1, антифосфолипидные антитела (АФЛА), липиды плазмы; проведены ультрасонография с измерением комплекса интима-медиа (КИМ) сонных артерий, электрокардиография (ЭКГ), эхокардиография (ЭхоКГ), холтеровское мониторирование ЭКГ.
Результаты. Концентрации вчСРБ, ИЛ 6, ФНО α и рФНО α-Р1 в группах больных были достоверно выше, чем в контрольной группе (р&lt;0,05). Повышение концентрации рФНО α-Р1 при стенокардии встречалось достоверно чаще, чем в отсутствие стенокардии (ОR=2,13; 95% ДИ [1,51; 2,99], р&lt;0,001). Концентрации ИЛ 6, ФНО α и рФНО α-Р1 у больных с поражением клапанного аппарата сердца были достоверно выше, чем у пациентов без пороков (р=0,02; 0,02 и 0,01 соответственно). Уровни ФНО α и рФНО α-Р1 были достоверно выше у больных с артериальной гипертензией (АГ), чем у пациентов без АГ (р=0,002 и &lt;0,001 соответственно). Концентрация ФНО α в крови была достоверно выше у пациентов с факторами риска и субклиническими признаками атеросклероза, чем у пациентов без признаков и факторов риска атеросклероза (р&lt;0,05). Корреляционный анализ показал наличие прямой корреляции между уровнями ФНО α, вчСРБ, ИЛ 6 и рФНО α-Р1, а также обратной корреляции уровней ИЛ 6 и ФНО α с длительностью посттромботического периода (р&lt;0,05). Была выявлена корреляционная связь между концентрацией ФНО α и рФНО α-Р1 и КИМ магистральных артерий, а также суммарным коронарным риском (р&lt;0,05). Заключение. Уровень всех исследованных маркеров был достоверно выше у больных АФС по сравнению с контрольной группой. Выявлена взаимосвязь между величинами ФНО α и рФНО α-Р1 и факторами риска и субклиническими признаками атеросклероза.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Objective: to estimate the levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-α), and soluble TNF-α receptor type 1 (sTNF-R1) in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) and their association with cardiovascular pathology. Subjects and methods. Ninety-six patients, including 52 with primary APS and 44 with systemic lupus erythematosus and APS, were examined. A control group comprised 29 individuals without the signs of autoimmune disease. The levels of hsCRP, IL-6, TNF-α, sTNF-R1, antiphospholipid antibodies, and plasma lipids were studied; ultrasonography measuring the carotid intima-media complex (IMC), electrocardiography (ECG), echocardiography, and Holter ECG monitoring were made.
Results. The concentrations of hsCRP, IL-6, TNF-α, and sTNF-R1 were significantly higher in the patient groups than in the controls (p &lt; 0.05). Elevated sTNF-R1 concentrations were more common in angina pectoris than in its absence (OR = 2.13; 95% CI [1.51; 2.99]; p &lt; 0.001). In patients with damage to the valvular apparatus, IL-6, TNF-α, and sTNF-R1 concentrations were significantly higher than those in patients without the defects (p = 0.02, 0.02, and 0.01, respectively). The levels of TNF-α and sTNF-R1 were significantly higher in hypertensive patients than those in non-hypertensives (p = 0.002 and p &lt; 0.001; respectively). The blood concentration of TNF-α was significantly higher in patients having the risk factors and subclinical signs of atherosclerosis that that in those without the signs and risk factors of atherosclerosis (p &lt; 0.05). Analysis showed a direct correlation between the levels of TNF-α, hsCRP, IL-6, and sTNF-R1 and an inverse correlation of those of IL-6 and TNF-α with the duration of posttrombosis (p &lt; 0.05). A correlation was found between the concentrations of TNF-α and sTNF-R1, and IMC of the great arteries, as well as the cumulative coronary risk (p &lt; 0.05). Conclusion. In patients with APS, the levels of all the test markers were significantly higher than those in the controls. An association was revealed between the values of TNF-α and sTNF-R1 and the risk factors and subclinical signs of atherosclerosis.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>высокочувствительный С-реактивный белок</kwd><kwd>интерлейкин 6</kwd><kwd>фактор некроза опухоли a</kwd><kwd>растворимый ФНО α-рецептор 1</kwd><kwd>антифосфолипидный синдром</kwd><kwd>тромбоз</kwd><kwd>атеросклероз</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>high-sensitivity C-reactive protein</kwd><kwd>interleukin-6</kwd><kwd>tumor necrosis factor-a</kwd><kwd>soluble TNF-α receptor type 1</kwd><kwd>antiphospholipid syndrome</kwd><kwd>thrombosis</kwd><kwd>atherosclerosis</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Насонов Е.Л. Антифосфолипидный синдром. М.: Литтерра, 2004; 379 c.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Giannakopoulos B., Passam F., Rahgozar S. et al. Current concepts on the pathogenesis of the antiphospholipid syndrome. Blood 2007; 109: 422-30.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Chen P.P. The novel autoantigens and prothrombotic mechanisms for antiphospholipid antibodies. Lupus. The 8th International Congress on SLE 2007; 16: 20-2.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Насонов Е.Л. Проблемы атеротромбоза в ревматологии. Вестн. РАМН 2003; 7: 6-11.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Shoenfeld Y., Harats D., Wick G., eds. Atherosclerosis and autoimmunity. Amsterdam - Lausanne - New York - Oxford - Shannon - Singapure - Tokyo: Elsevier, 2001; 370 p.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Jimenez S., Garcia-Criado M.A., Tassies D. et al. Preclinical vascular disease in systemic lupus erythematosus and primary antiphospholipid syndrome. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2005; 44(6)756-61.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ames P.R.J., Tommasino C., Brancaccio V. et al. C-Reactive protein in primary antiphospholipid syndrome. J Rheumatol 2007; 34(3): 650-1.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Sailer T., Vormittag R., Pabinger I. et al. Inflammation in patients with lupus anticoagulant and implications for thrombosis. J Rheumatol 2005; 326: 462-8.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Hunt B.J. The endothelium in atherogenesis. Lupus 2000; 9: 189-93.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Meroni P.L. Endothelial cell perturbation by antiphospholipid antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. The 8th International Congress on SLE 2007; 16: 17-9.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Pierangeli S.S. New targeted therapies for treatment of thrombosis in antiphospholipid syndrome: lessons from In Vitro and In Vivo studies. Lupus. The 8th International Congress on SLE 2007; 16: 19-20.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Pierangeli S.S., Harris E.N. Probing antiphospholipid-mediated thrombosis: the interplay between anticardiolipin antibodies and endothelial cells. Lupus 2003; 12(7): 539-45.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Shoenfeld Y., Gerli R., Doria A. et al. Accelerated atherosclerosis in autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Circulation 2005; 112: 3337-47.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Szekanecz Z., Shoenfeld Y. Lupus and cardiovascular disease: the facts. Lupus 2006; 15: 3-10.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Girn H.R.S., Orsi N.M., Homer- Vanniasinkam S. An overview of cytokine interactions in atherosclerosis and implications for peripheral arterial disease. Vasc Med 2007; 12: 299-309.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Aringer M., Smolen J.S. The role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthr Res Ther 2008; 10: 202-10.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Berman J., Girardi G., Salmon J.E. TNF-α is a critical effector and a target for therapy in antiphospholipid antibody-induced pregnancy loss. J Immunol 2005; 174: 485-90.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Myakis S., Lockshin M.D., Atsumi A. et al. International consensus statement on an update of the classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome. J Thromb Haemost 2006; 4: 295-306.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Hochberg M.C. Updating the American College of rheumatology revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthr Rheum 1997; 40: 1725.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Тихонова Т.Л., Мач Э.С., Широкова И.Е. и др. Антифосфолипидный синдром и экзогенные факторы риска тромбозов. Тер. арх. 2004; 76(11): 71-4.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Barter P., Brewer B., Brown G. et al. Pocket guide to prevention of coronary heart disease. Downloaded in January 2003 from www.chd-taskforce.com &amp;lt;http://www.chd-taskforce.com&amp;gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Перова Н.В. Суммарный коронарный риск ИБС и показания к лечению гиперхолестеринемии (применение Европейских рекомендаций к российским условиям). Кардиология 1996; 3: 47-53.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Александрова Е.Л., Насонов Е.Л., Ковалев В.Ю. Количественный иммуноферментный метод определения антител к кардиолипину в сыворотке крови. Клин. ревматол. 1995; 4: 35-9.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Haward G., Sharrett A.R., Heiss G. et al. Carotid artery intima-media thickness distribution in general populations as evaluated by B-mode ultrasound. ARIC Investigators, Stroke 1993; 24: 1297-304.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Kazmierski R., Watala C., Lukasik M. et al. Common carotid artery remodeling studied by sonomorphological criteria. J Neuroimaging 2004; 14(3): 258-64.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ianuzzi A., Michele M.D., Panico S. et al. Radical-Trapping Activity, Blood Pressure and Carotid Enlargement in women. Hypertension 2003; 41: 289-96.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Насонов Е.Л., Панюкова Е.Н., Александрова Е.Н. С-реактивный белок - маркер воспаления при атеросклерозе (новые данные). Кардиология 2002; 7: 53-9.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ridker P.M. Clinical application of C- reactive protein for cardiovascular disease detection and prevention. Circulation 2003; 107: 363-9.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Dropinski J., Szczeklik W., Rubis P. et al. Antiphospholipid antibodies and carotid artery intima-media thickness in young survivors of myocardial infarction. Med Sci Monit 2003; 9(4): 105-9.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Osula S., Bell G.M., Hornung R.S. Acute myocardial infarction in young adults: causes and management. Postgrad Med J 2002; 78: 27-30.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Forastiero R.R., Martinuzzo M.E., De Larranaga G.F. Circulating levels of tissue factor and proinflammatory cytokines in patients with primary antiphospholipid syndrome or leprosy related antiphospholipid antibodies. Lupus 2005; 14: 129-36.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Aringer M., Smolen J.S. Tumour necrosis factor and other proinflammatory cytokines in systemic lupus erythematosus: a rationale for therapeutic intervention. Lupus 2004; 13: 344-7.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Farzaneh-Far A., Roman M.J., Lockshin M.D. et al. Relationship of antiphospholipid antibodies to cardiovascular manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthr Rheum 2006; 54(12): 3918-25.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Asanuma Y., Chung C.P., Oeser A. et al. Increased concentration of proatherogenic inflammatory cytokines in systemic lupus erythematosus: relationship to cardiovascular risk factors. J Rheumatol 2006; 33(3): 539-45.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Svenungsson E., Gunnarsson I., Fei G.- Z. et al. Elevated triglycerides and low levels of high-density lipoprotein as markers of disease activity in association with up-regulation of the tumor necrosis factor α/tumor necrosis factor receptor system in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthr Rheum 2003; 48(9): 2533-40.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ильина А.Е., Клюквина Н.Г., Александрова Е.Н. и др. Растворимые рецепторы α-фактора некроза опухолей: связь с атеросклеротическим поражением сосудов при системной красной волчанке у мужчин. Тер. арх. 2006; 6: 20-4.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Elkind M.S., Cheng J., Boden-Albala B. et al. Tumor necrosis factor receptor levels are associated with carotid atherosclerosis. Stroke 2002; 33: 31-7.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Gustafsson G. Risk factors for atherosclerosis in SLE. Lupus. The 8th International Congress on SLE 2007; 16: 293.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Rho Y.H., Chung C.P., Oeser A. et al. Novel cardiovascular risk factors in premature coronary atherosclerosis associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 2008; 35(9): 1789-94.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Бородин А.Г., Баранов А.А., Клюквина Н.Г. и др. Клинико-патогенетическое значение фактора некроза опухоли- альфа при системной красной волчанке. Тер. арх. 2002; 5: 32-5.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Кричевская О.А., Клюквина Н.Г., Александрова Е.Н. и др. Клиническое значение растворимых рецепторов фактора некроза опухоли a у больных системной красной волчанкой. Клин. мед. 2004; 10: 51-5.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">&lt;div&gt;&lt;p&gt;Насонов Е.Л. Антифосфолипидный синдром. М.: Литтерра, 2004; 379 c.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Giannakopoulos B., Passam F., Rahgozar S. et al. Current concepts on the pathogenesis of the antiphospholipid syndrome. Blood 2007; 109: 422-30.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Chen P.P. The novel autoantigens and prothrombotic mechanisms for antiphospholipid antibodies. Lupus. The 8th International Congress on SLE 2007; 16: 20-2.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Насонов Е.Л. Проблемы атеротромбоза в ревматологии. Вестн. РАМН 2003; 7: 6-11.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Shoenfeld Y., Harats D., Wick G., eds. Atherosclerosis and autoimmunity. Amsterdam - Lausanne - New York - Oxford - Shannon - Singapure - Tokyo: Elsevier, 2001; 370 p.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Jimenez S., Garcia-Criado M.A., Tassies D. et al. Preclinical vascular disease in systemic lupus erythematosus and primary antiphospholipid syndrome. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2005; 44(6)756-61.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ames P.R.J., Tommasino C., Brancaccio V. et al. C-Reactive protein in primary antiphospholipid syndrome. J Rheumatol 2007; 34(3): 650-1.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Sailer T., Vormittag R., Pabinger I. et al. Inflammation in patients with lupus anticoagulant and implications for thrombosis. J Rheumatol 2005; 326: 462-8.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Hunt B.J. The endothelium in atherogenesis. Lupus 2000; 9: 189-93.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Meroni P.L. Endothelial cell perturbation by antiphospholipid antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. The 8th International Congress on SLE 2007; 16: 17-9.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Pierangeli S.S. New targeted therapies for treatment of thrombosis in antiphospholipid syndrome: lessons from In Vitro and In Vivo studies. Lupus. The 8th International Congress on SLE 2007; 16: 19-20.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Pierangeli S.S., Harris E.N. Probing antiphospholipid-mediated thrombosis: the interplay between anticardiolipin antibodies and endothelial cells. Lupus 2003; 12(7): 539-45.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Shoenfeld Y., Gerli R., Doria A. et al. Accelerated atherosclerosis in autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Circulation 2005; 112: 3337-47.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Szekanecz Z., Shoenfeld Y. Lupus and cardiovascular disease: the facts. Lupus 2006; 15: 3-10.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Girn H.R.S., Orsi N.M., Homer- Vanniasinkam S. An overview of cytokine interactions in atherosclerosis and implications for peripheral arterial disease. Vasc Med 2007; 12: 299-309.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Aringer M., Smolen J.S. The role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthr Res Ther 2008; 10: 202-10.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Berman J., Girardi G., Salmon J.E. TNF-α is a critical effector and a target for therapy in antiphospholipid antibody-induced pregnancy loss. J Immunol 2005; 174: 485-90.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Myakis S., Lockshin M.D., Atsumi A. et al. International consensus statement on an update of the classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome. J Thromb Haemost 2006; 4: 295-306.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Hochberg M.C. Updating the American College of rheumatology revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthr Rheum 1997; 40: 1725.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Тихонова Т.Л., Мач Э.С., Широкова И.Е. и др. Антифосфолипидный синдром и экзогенные факторы риска тромбозов. Тер. арх. 2004; 76(11): 71-4.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Barter P., Brewer B., Brown G. et al. Pocket guide to prevention of coronary heart disease. Downloaded in January 2003 from www.chd-taskforce.com &amp;lt;http://www.chd-taskforce.com&amp;gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Перова Н.В. Суммарный коронарный риск ИБС и показания к лечению гиперхолестеринемии (применение Европейских рекомендаций к российским условиям). Кардиология 1996; 3: 47-53.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Александрова Е.Л., Насонов Е.Л., Ковалев В.Ю. Количественный иммуноферментный метод определения антител к кардиолипину в сыворотке крови. Клин. ревматол. 1995; 4: 35-9.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Haward G., Sharrett A.R., Heiss G. et al. Carotid artery intima-media thickness distribution in general populations as evaluated by B-mode ultrasound. ARIC Investigators, Stroke 1993; 24: 1297-304.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Kazmierski R., Watala C., Lukasik M. et al. Common carotid artery remodeling studied by sonomorphological criteria. J Neuroimaging 2004; 14(3): 258-64.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ianuzzi A., Michele M.D., Panico S. et al. Radical-Trapping Activity, Blood Pressure and Carotid Enlargement in women. Hypertension 2003; 41: 289-96.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Насонов Е.Л., Панюкова Е.Н., Александрова Е.Н. С-реактивный белок - маркер воспаления при атеросклерозе (новые данные). Кардиология 2002; 7: 53-9.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ridker P.M. Clinical application of C- reactive protein for cardiovascular disease detection and prevention. Circulation 2003; 107: 363-9.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Dropinski J., Szczeklik W., Rubis P. et al. Antiphospholipid antibodies and carotid artery intima-media thickness in young survivors of myocardial infarction. Med Sci Monit 2003; 9(4): 105-9.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Osula S., Bell G.M., Hornung R.S. Acute myocardial infarction in young adults: causes and management. Postgrad Med J 2002; 78: 27-30.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Forastiero R.R., Martinuzzo M.E., De Larranaga G.F. Circulating levels of tissue factor and proinflammatory cytokines in patients with primary antiphospholipid syndrome or leprosy related antiphospholipid antibodies. Lupus 2005; 14: 129-36.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Aringer M., Smolen J.S. Tumour necrosis factor and other proinflammatory cytokines in systemic lupus erythematosus: a rationale for therapeutic intervention. Lupus 2004; 13: 344-7.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Farzaneh-Far A., Roman M.J., Lockshin M.D. et al. Relationship of antiphospholipid antibodies to cardiovascular manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthr Rheum 2006; 54(12): 3918-25.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Asanuma Y., Chung C.P., Oeser A. et al. Increased concentration of proatherogenic inflammatory cytokines in systemic lupus erythematosus: relationship to cardiovascular risk factors. J Rheumatol 2006; 33(3): 539-45.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Svenungsson E., Gunnarsson I., Fei G.- Z. et al. Elevated triglycerides and low levels of high-density lipoprotein as markers of disease activity in association with up-regulation of the tumor necrosis factor α/tumor necrosis factor receptor system in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthr Rheum 2003; 48(9): 2533-40.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Ильина А.Е., Клюквина Н.Г., Александрова Е.Н. и др. Растворимые рецепторы α-фактора некроза опухолей: связь с атеросклеротическим поражением сосудов при системной красной волчанке у мужчин. Тер. арх. 2006; 6: 20-4.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Elkind M.S., Cheng J., Boden-Albala B. et al. Tumor necrosis factor receptor levels are associated with carotid atherosclerosis. Stroke 2002; 33: 31-7.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Gustafsson G. Risk factors for atherosclerosis in SLE. Lupus. The 8th International Congress on SLE 2007; 16: 293.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Rho Y.H., Chung C.P., Oeser A. et al. Novel cardiovascular risk factors in premature coronary atherosclerosis associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 2008; 35(9): 1789-94.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Бородин А.Г., Баранов А.А., Клюквина Н.Г. и др. Клинико-патогенетическое значение фактора некроза опухоли- альфа при системной красной волчанке. Тер. арх. 2002; 5: 32-5.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Кричевская О.А., Клюквина Н.Г., Александрова Е.Н. и др. Клиническое значение растворимых рецепторов фактора некроза опухоли a у больных системной красной волчанкой. Клин. мед. 2004; 10: 51-5.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
