Роль цитокинов в патогенезе ревматоидного артрита

1. <div><p>Ревматология: национальное руководство. М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа, 2008;296-300.</p><p>McInnes I., Schett G. Cytokines in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Rev Immunol 2007;7(6):429-42.</p><p>Brennan F., McInnes I. Evidence that cytokines play a role in rheumatoid arthritis. J Clin Invest 2008;118(11):3537-45.</p><p>Fabre S., Guisset C., Tatem L. et al. Protein biochip array technology to monitor rituximab in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Immunol 2009;155(3):395-402.</p><p>Blom M., Wenink M., Huijbens R. et al. Altered Circulating Cytokine Pattern after Administration of Rituximab is Correlated with Response to Therapy in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Arthr Rheum 2008;58(19):450.</p><p>Eastgate J., Symons J., Wood N. et al. Correlation of plasma interleukin 1 levels with disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet 1988;24,2(8613):706-9.</p><p>Firestein G., Boyle D., Yu C. et al. Synovial interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and interleukin-1 balance in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthr Rheum 1994;37(5):644-52.</p><p>Barksby H., Lea S., Preshaw P. et al. The expanding family of interleukin-1 cytokines and their role in destructive inflammatory disorders. Clin Exp Immunol 2007;149(2):217-25.</p><p>Nouri A., Panayi G., Goodman S. Cytokines and the chronic inflammation of rheumatic disease. II. The presence of interleukin-2 in synovial fluids. Clin Exp Immunol 1984;58(2):402-9.</p><p>Moreland L.W., Sewell K.L., Trentham D.E. et al. Interleukin-2 diphtheria fusion protein (DAB486IL-2) in refractory rheumatoid arthritis. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with open-label extension. Arthr Rheum 1995;38(9):1177-86.</p><p>Sewell K., Moreland L., Cush J. et al. Phase I/II double-blind dose-response trial of a second fusion toxin DAB389-IL-2 in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthr Rheum 1993;36:130.</p><p>Brok H., Tekoppele J., Hakimi J. et al. Prophylactic and therapeutic effects of a humanized monoclonal antibody against the IL-2 receptor (DACLIZUMAB) on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in rhesus monkeys. Clin Exp Immunol 2001;124(1):134-41.</p><p>Van den Bosh F., Russel A., Keystone E. rhuIL-4 in subject witch active rheumatoid arthritis (RA): a phase I dose escalating safety study. Arthr Rheum 1998;41:56.</p><p>Lee C.K., Lee E.Y., Chung S.M. et al. Effects of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs and antiinflammatory cytokines on human osteoclastogenesis through interaction with receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB, osteoprotegerin, and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand. Arthr Rheum 2004;50(12):3831-43.</p><p>Raza K., Falciani F., Curnow S. et al. Early rheumatoid arthritis is characterized by a distinct and transient synovial fluid cytokine profile of T cell and stromal cell origin. Arthr Res Ther 2005;7:784-95.</p><p>Brozik M., Rosztоczy I., Merеtey K. et al. Interleukin 6 levels in synovial fluids of patients with different arthritides: correlation with local IgM rheumatoid factor and systemic acute phase protein production. J Rheumatol 1992;19(1):63-8.</p><p>Kanik K., Hagiwara E., Yarboro C. et al. Distinct patterns of cytokine secretion characterize new onset synovitis versus chronic rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 1998;25(1):16-22.</p><p>Choy E.H., Isenberg D.A., Garrood T. et al. Therapeutic benefit of blocking inter-leukin-6 activity with an anti-interleukin-6 receptor monoclonal antibody in rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation trial. Arthr Rheum 2002;46(12):3143-50.</p><p>Nishimoto N., Yoshizaki K., Maeda K. et al. Toxicity, pharmacokinetics, and dose-finding study of repetitive treatment with the humanized anti-interleukin 6 receptor antibody MRA in rheumatoid arthritis. Phase I/II clinical study. J. Rheumatol 2003;30(7):1426-35.</p><p>Nishimoto N., Yoshizaki K., Miyasaka N. et al. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with humanized anti-interleukin-6 receptor antibody: a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arthr Rheum 2004;50(6):1761-9.</p><p>Hartgring S., Bijlsma J., Lafeber F. et al. Interleukin-7 induced immunopathology in arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2006;65:69-74.</p><p>Churchman S., Ponchel F. Interleukin-7 in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology 2008;47:753-75.</p><p>Leonard W. Interleukin-7 deficiency in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthr Res Ther 2005;7:42-3.</p><p>Kraan M., Patel D., Haringman J. et al. The development of clinical signs of rheumatoid synovial inflammation is associated witch increased synthesis of the chemokine CXCL8 (interleukin 8). Arthr Res 2001;3:65-71.</p><p>Endo H., Akahoshi T., Takagishi K. et al. Elevation of interleukin-8 (IL-8) levels in joint fluids of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and the induction by IL-8 of leukocyte infiltration and synovitis in rabbit joints. Lymphokine Cytokine Res 1991;10(4):245-52.</p><p>Cush J., Splawski J., Thomas R. et al. Elevated IL-10 levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthr Rheum 1995;38(1):96-104.</p><p>Lapadula G., Iannone F., Dell'Accio F. et al. IL-10 in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1995;13(5):629-32.</p><p>Van Roon J., Wijngaarden S., Lafeber F.et al. Interleukin 10 treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis enhances Fc gamma receptor expression on monocytes and responsiveness to immune complex stimulation. J Rheumatol 2003;30(4):648-51.</p><p>Kim W., Min S., Cho M. et al. The role of IL-12 in inflammatory activity of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Clin Exp Immunol 2000;119:175-81.</p><p>Sakkas L.I., Johanson N.A., Scanzello C.R. et al. Interleukin-12 is expressed by infiltrating macrophages and synovial lining cells in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Cell Immunol 1998;15, 188(2):105-10.</p><p>Morita Y., Yamamura M., Nishida K. et al. Expression of interleukin-12 in synovial tissue from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthr Rheum 1998;41(2):306-14.</p><p>Malfait A.M., Butler D.M., Presky D.H. et al. Blockade of IL-12 during the induction of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) markedly attenuates the severity of the arthritis. Clin Exp Immunol 1998;111(2):377-83.</p><p>Morita Y., Yamamura M., Kawashima M. et al. Flow cytometric single-cell analysis of cytokine production by CD4+ T cells in synovial tissue and peripheral blood from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthr Rheum 1998;41(9):1669-76.</p><p>Hessian P., Highton J., Kean A. et al. Cytokine profile of the rheumatoid nodule suggests that it is a Th1 granuloma. Arthr Rheum 2003;48(2):334-8.</p><p>al-Mughales J., Blyth T., Hunter J. et al. The chemoattractant activity of rheumatoid synovial fluid for human lymphocytes is due to multiple cytokines. Clin Exp Immunol 1996;106(2):230-6.</p><p>Baslund B., Tvede N., Danneskiold-Samsoe B. et al. Targeting interleukin-15 in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a proof-of-concept study. Arthr Rheum 2005;52(9):2686-92.</p><p>Ziolkowska M., Koc A., Luszczykiewicz G.et al. High levels of IL-17 in rheumatoid arthritis patients: IL-15 triggers in vitro IL- 17 production via cyclosporin A-sensitive mechanism. J Immunol 2000;1, 164(5):2832-8.</p><p>Gaffen S.L. Biology of recently discovered cytokines: interleukin-17 a unique inflammatory cytokine with roles in bone biology and arthritis. Arthr Res Ther 2004;6(6):240-7.</p><p>Koenders M., Lubberts E., Oppers-Walgreen B. et al. Blocking of interleukin-17 during reactivation of experimental arthritis prevents joint inflammation and bone erosion by decreasing RANKL and interleukin-1. Am J Pathol 2005;167(1):141-9.</p><p>Kawashima M., Novick D., Rubinstein M. et al. Regulation of interleukin-18 binding protein production by blood and synovial cells from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthr Rheum 2004;50(6):1800-5.</p><p>Moller B., Kessler U., Rehart S. et al. Expression of interleukin-18 receptor in fibroblast-like synoviocites. Arthr Res Ther 2002;4:139-44.</p><p>Miossec P. An update on the cytokine network in rheumatoid arthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2004;16(3):218-22.</p><p>Novick D., Kim S., Fantuzzi G. et al. Interleukin-18 binding protein: a novel modulator of the Th1 cytokine response. Immunity 1999;10(1):127-36.</p><p>Plater-Zyberk C., Joosten L., Helsen M. et al. Therapeutic effect of neutralizing endogenous IL-18 activity in the collagen-induced model of arthritis. J Clin Invest 2001;108(12):1825-32.</p><p>Ye X., Tang B., Ma Z. et al. The roles of interleukin-18 in collagen-induced arthritis in the BB rat. Clin Exp Immunol 2004;136(3):440-7.</p><p>Tissi L., McRae B., Ghayur T. et al. Role of interleukin-18 in experimental group B streptococcal arthritis. Arthr Rheum 2004;50(6):2005-13.</p><p>Syversen S.W., Goll G.L., Haavardsholm E.A. et al. A high serum level of eotaxin (CCL 11) is associated with less radiographic progression in early rheumatoid arthritis patients. Arthr Res Ther 2008;10(2):28.</p><p>Manabe N., Oda H., Nakamura K. et al. Involvement of fibroblast growth factor-2 in joint destruction of rheumatoid arthritis patients. Rheumatology (Oxford) 1999;38(8):714-20.</p><p>Lawlor K., Campbell I., Metcalf D. et al. Critical role for granulocyte colonystimulating factor in inflammatory arthritis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004;101(31):11398-403.</p><p>Campbell I.K., Rich M.J., Bischof R.J. et al. The colony-stimulating factors and collagen-induced arthritis: exacerbation of disease by M-CSF and G-CSF and requirement for endogenous M-CSF. J Leukoc Biol 2000;68(1):144-50.</p><p>Firestein G., Panayiand G., Wollheim F. Rheumatoid Arthritis. Oxford University Press, 2006;173-92.</p><p>Campbell I., Bendele A., Smith D. et al. Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor exacerbates collagen induced arthritis in mice. Ann Rheum Dis 1997;56(6):364-8.</p><p>Hopkins S., Meager A. Cytokines in synovial fluid: II. The presence of tumour necrosis factor and interferon. Clin Exp Immunol 1988;73(1):88-92.</p><p>DeGrе M., Mellbye O., Clarke-Jenssen O. Immune interferon in serum and synovial fluid in rheumatoid arthritis and related disorders. Ann Rheum Dis 1983;42(6):672-6.</p><p>Canete J., Martinez S., Farres J. et al. Differential Th1/Th2 cytokine patterns in chronic arthritis: interferon gamma is highly expressed in synovium of rheumatoid arthritis compared with seronegative spondyloarthropathies. Ann Rheum Dis 2000;59(4):263-8.</p><p>Machold K., Neumann K., Smolen J. Recombinant human interferon gamma in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: double blind placebo controlled study. Ann Rheum Dis 1992;51(9):1039-43.</p><p>Proost P., Struyf S., Loos T. et al. Coexpression and interaction of CXCL10 and CD26 in mesenchymal cells by synergising inflammatory cytokines: CXCL8 and CXCL10 are discriminative markers for autoimmune arthropathies. Arthr Res Ther 2006;8(4):107.</p><p>Koch A.E., Kunkel S.L., Harlow L.A. et al. Enhanced production of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in rheumatoid arthritis. J Clin Invest 1992;90(3):772-9.</p><p>Koch A.E., Kunkel S.L., Harlow L.A. et al. Macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha. A novel chemotactic cytokine for macrophages in rheumatoid arthritis. J Clin Invest 1994;93(3):921-8.</p><p>Hanyuda M., Kasama T., Isozaki T. et al. Activated leucocytes express and secrete macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha upon interaction with synovial fibroblasts of rheumatoid arthritis via a beta2-integrin/ICAM-1 mechanism. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2003;42(11):1390-7.</p><p>Hatano Y., Kasama T., Iwabuchi H. et al. Macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha expression by synovial fluid neutrophils in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1999;58(5):297-302.</p><p>Hosaka S., Akahoshi T., Wada C. et al. Expression of the chemokine superfamily in rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Immunol 1994;97(3):451-7.</p><p>Shahrara S., Amin M., Woods J. et al. Chemokine receptor expression and in vivo signaling pathways in the joints of rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis. Arthr Rheum 2003;48(12):3568-83.</p><p>Stanczyk J., Kowalski M., Grzegorczyk J. et al. RANTES and chemotactic activity in synovial fluids from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Mediators Inflamm 2005;14(6):343-8.</p><p>Snowden N., Hajeer A., Thomson W. et al. RANTES role in rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet 1994;343:547-8.</p><p>Hirano F., Kobayashi A., Hirano Y. et al. Thrombin-induced expression of RANTES mRNA through protease activated receptor-1 in human synovial fibroblasts. Ann Rheum Dis 2002;61(9):834-7.</p><p>Dayer J., Beutler B., Cerami A. Cachectin/tumor necrosis factor stimulates collagenase and prostaglandin E2 production by human synovial cells and dermal fibroblasts. J Exp Med 1985;162(6):2163-8.</p><p>Koch A.E., Kunkel S.L., Strieter R.M. Cytokines in rheumatoid arthritis. J Investig Med 1995;43(1):28-38.</p><p>Fox D.A. Cytokine blockade as a new strategy to treat rheumatoid arthritis: inhibition of tumor necrosis factor. Arch Intern Med 2000;28,160(4):437-44.</p><p>Brennan F.M., McInnes I.B. Evidence that cytokines play a role in rheumatoid arthritis. J Clin Invest 2008;118(11):3537-45.</p><p>Brenchley P.E. Antagonising angiogenesis in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2001;60(Suppl. 3):71-4.</p><p>Ballara S., Taylor P., Paleolog E. et al. Raised serum vascular endhothelial growth factor levels are associated with destructive change in inflammatory arthritis. Arthr Rheum 2001;44(9):2055-64.</p><p>Hansel T., Barnes P. New Drugs for Asthma, Allergy and COPD. Prog. Respir Res (Basel Karger) 2001;31:242-6.</p><p>Симбирцев А.С. Цитокины: классификация и биологические функции. Цитокины и воспаление 2004;3(2):16-23.</p><p>Kotake S., Shumacher H., Yarboro C. et al. In vivo gene expression of type 1 and type 2 cytokines in synovial tissues from patients in early stages of rheumatoid, reactive and undiffirintiated arthritis. Proc Assoc Am Physicians 1997;109:286-302.</p><p>Hehdel M., McMorrow L., Gravellese E. Nuclear factor-kB in rheumatoid synovium. Arthr Rheum 1995;38:1762-70.</p><p>Marok R., Winyard P., Coumbe A. et al. Activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor-kB in human inflamed synovial tissue. Arthr Rheum 1996;39:583-91.</p><p>Benito M., Murphy E., Murphy E.P. et al. Increased synovial tissue NF-kB1 expression at site adjacent to the cartilage-pannus junction in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthr Rheum 2004;50:1781-7.</p><p>Bondeson J., Foxwell B., Brennan F. et al. Defining theraupeutic targets by using adenovirus: blocking NF-kB inhibits both inflammatory and destructive mechanisms in rheumatoid synovium but spares anti-inflammatory mediators. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999;96:5668-93.</p><p>Asahara H., Fujisawa V., Kobata T. et al. Direct evidence of high DNA binding activity of transcription factor AP-1 in rheumatoid arthritis synovium. Arthr Rheum 1997;40:912-8.</p><p>Shiozava S., Shimizu K., Tanaka K. et al. Studies of the contribution c-fos/AP-1 to arthritic joint destruction. J Clin Invest 1997;99:1210-6.</p><p>Briscoe J., Kohlhuber F., Mü llerz M. JAKs and STATs branch out. Trends in Cell Biology 1996;6(9):336-40.</p><p>Becker S., Groner B., Muller C. Three-dimentional structure of the Stat3b homodimer bound to DNA. Nature 1998;394:145-51.</p><p>Wang F., Sengupta T., Zhong Z. et al. Regulation of the balance of cytokine production and the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) transcription factor activity by cytokines and inflammatory synovial fluids. J Exp Med 1995;182(6):1825-31.</p><p>Burmester G., Stuhlmuller B., Keyszer G. et al. Mononuclear phagocites and rheumatoid synovitis: mastermind of workhorse in arthritis? Arthr Rheum 1997;40:5-18.</p><p>Bazzoni F., Beutler B. The tumor necrosis factor ligand and receptor families. N Engl J Med 1996;334(26):1717-25.</p><p>Moss M., Sklair-Tavron L., Nudelman R. Drug insight: tumor necrosis factor-converting enzyme as a pharmaceutical target for rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol 2008;4(6):300-9.</p><p>Le C.H., Nicolson A.G., Morales A. et al. Suppression of collagen-induced arthritis through adenovirus-mediated transfer of a modified tumor necrosis factor alpha receptor gene. Arthr Rheum 1997;40(9):1662-9.</p><p>Quattrocchi E., Walmsley M., Browne K. et al. Paradoxical effects of adenovirus-mediated blockade of TNF activity in murine collagen-induced arthritis. J Immunol 1999;163(2):1000-9.</p><p>Robbins P., Evans C., Chernajovsky Y. Gene therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. Springer. Semin. Immunopathol 1998;20(1-2):197-209.</p><p>Choy E., Hazleman B., Smith M. et al. Efficacy of a novel PEGylated humanized anti-TNF fragment (CDP870) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a phase II double-blinded, randomized, dose-escalating trial. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2002;41(10):1133-7.</p><p>Fleischmann R., Cohen S., Calldwell J. et al. Phase I studies evaluating the safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of intravenous and subcutaneous administration of a fully human monoclonal antibody to human TNF-α (CNTO48) in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Arthr Rheum 2004;48:178.</p><p>Dinarello C.A. Interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-18, and the interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1998;29(856):1-11.</p><p>Hom J.T., Bendele A.M., Carlson D.G. In vivo administration with IL-1 accelerates the development of collagen-induced arthritis in mice. J Immunol 1988;141(3):834-41.</p><p>Firestein G., Boyle D., Yu C. et al. Synovial interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and interleukin-1 balance in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthr Rheum 1994;37(5):644-52.</p><p>Bendele A., McAbee T., Sennello G. et al. Efficacy of sustained blood levels of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in animal models of arthritis: comparison of efficacy in animal models with human clinical data. Arthr Rheum 1999;42(3):498-506.</p><p>Bingham C., Genovese M., Moreland M. et al. Results of phase II study of IL-1 Trap in moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis. Arthr Rheum 2004;48:237.</p><p>Rudolphi K., Gerwin N., Verzijl N. et al. Pralnacasan, an inhibitor of interleukin-1beta converting enzyme, reduces joint damage in two murine models of osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2003;11(10):738-46.</p><p>Loher F., Bauer C., Landauer N. et al. The interleukin-1 beta-converting enzyme inhibitor pralnacasan reduces dextran sulfate sodium-induced murine colitis and T helper 1 T-cell activation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2004;308(2):583-90.</p><p>Flannery C.R., Little C.B., Hughes C.E. et al. IL-6 and its soluble receptor augment aggrecanase-mediated proteoglycan catabolism in articular cartilage. Matrix Biol 2000;19(6):549-53.</p><p>Kishimoto T., Tanaka T., Yoshida K. et al. Cytokine signal transduction through a homo- or heterodimer of gp130. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1995;766:224-34.</p><p>Bravo J., Heath J. Receptor recognition by gp130 cytokines. EMBO J 2000;1, 19(11):2399-411.</p><p>Dasgupta B., Corkill M., Kirkham B. et al. Serial estimation of interleukin 6 as a measure of systemic disease in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 1992;19(1):22-5.</p><p>Boe A., Baiocchi M., Carbonatto M. et al. Interleukin 6 knock-out mice are resistant to antigen-induced experimental arthritis. Cytokine 1999;11(12):1057-64.</p><p>Grabstein K., Eisenman J., Shanebeck K. et al. Cloning of a T cell growth factor that interacts with the beta chain of the interleukin-2 receptor. Science 1994;264(5161):965-8.</p><p>Fehniger T.A., Caligiuri M.A. Interleukin 15: biology and relevance to human disease. Blood 2001;97(1):14-32.</p><p>Gonzalez-Alvaro I., Ortiz A., Garcia-Vicuna R. et al. Increased serum levels of interleukin-15 in rheumatoid arthritis with long-term disease. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2003;21(5):639-42.</p><p>McInnes I.B., Leung B.P., Sturrock R.D. et al. Interleukin-15 mediates T cell-dependent regulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha production in rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Med 1997;3(2):189-95.</p><p>Liew F.Y., McInnes I.B. Role of interleukin 15 and interleukin 18 in inflammatory response. Ann Rheum Dis 2002;61(Suppl. 2):100-2.</p><p>McInnes I., al-Mughales J, Field M. et al. The role of interleukin-15 in T-cell migration and activation in rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Med 1996;2(2):175-82.</p><p>McInnes I.B., Leung B.P., Liew F.Y. Cell-cell interactions in synovitis. Interactions between T lymphocytes and synovial cells. Arthr Res 2000;2(5):374-8.</p><p>Ruchatz H., Leung B.P., Wei X.Q. et al. Soluble IL-15 receptor alpha-chain administration prevents murine collagen-induced arthritis: a role for IL-15 in development of antigen-induced immunopathology. J Immunol 1998;160(11):5654-60.</p><p>Ferrari-Lacraz S., Zanelli E., Neuberg M. et al. Targeting IL-15 receptor-bearing cells with an antagonist mutant IL-15/Fc protein prevents disease development and progression in murine collagen-induced arthritis. J Immunol 2004;173(9):5818-26.</p><p>Baslund B., Tvede N., Danneskiold-Samsoe B. et al. A novel human monoclonal antibody against IL-15 (HuMax-IL15) in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) results of a double-blind, placebo controlled phase I/II trial. Arthr Rheum 2003;46:652.</p><p>Gracie J.A., Robertson S.E., McInnes I.B. Interleukin-18. J Leukoc Biol 2003;73(2):213-24.</p><p>Gö bel T., Schneider K., Schaerer B. et al. IL-18 stimulates the proliferation and IFN-gamma release of CD4+ T cells in the chicken: conservation of a Th1-like system in a nonmammalian species. J Immunol 2003;171(4):1809-15.</p><p>Dai S., Matsuno H., Nakamura H. et al. Interleukin-18 enhances monocyte tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-1beta production induced by direct contact with T lymphocytes: implications in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthr Rheum 2004;50(2):432-43.</p><p>Trinchieri G. Interleukin-12 and the regulation of innate resistance and adaptive immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 2003;3(2):133-46.</p><p>Trinchieri G. Interleukin-12 and interferon-gamma. Do they always go together? Am J Pathol 1995;147(6):1534-8</p><p>Trinchieri G. Interleukin-12: a proin-flammatory cytokine with immunoregulatory functions that bridge innate resistance and antigen-specific adaptive immunity. Ann Rev Immunol 1995;13:251-76.</p><p>Trinchieri G., Scott P. Interleukin-12: a proinflammatory cytokine with immunoregulatory functions. Res Immunol 1995;146(7-8):423-31.</p><p>Desai B.B., Quinn P.M., Wolitzky A.G. et al. IL-12 receptor. II. Distribution and regulation of receptor expression. J Immunol 1992;148(10):3125-32.</p><p>Kitagawa M., Mitsui H., Nakamura H. et al. Differential regulation of rheumatoid synovial cell interleukin-12 production by tumor necrosis factor alpha and CD40 signals. Arthr Rheum 1999;42(9):1917-26.</p><p>Kim T.S., Kang B.Y., Lee M.H. et al. Inhibition of interleukin-12 production by auranofin, an anti-rheumatic gold compound, deviates CD4(+) T cells from the Th1 to the Th2 pathway. Br J Pharmacol 2001;134(3):571-8.</p><p>Butler D.M., Malfait A.M., Maini R.N. et al. Anti-IL-12 and anti-TNF antibodies synergistically suppress the progression of murine collagen-induced arthritis. Eur J Immunol 1999;29(7):2205-12.</p><p>Cua D., Sherlock J., Chen Y. et al. Interleukin-23 rather than interleukin-12 is the critical cytokine for autoimmune inflammation of the brain. Nature 2003;421(6924):744-8.</p><p>Vandenbroeck K., Alloza I., Gadina M. et al. Inhibiting cytokines of the interleukin-12 family: recent advances and novel challenges. J Pharm Pharmacol 2004;56(2):145-60.</p><p>Watford W.T., O'Shea J.J. Autoimmunity: A case of mistaken identity. Nature 2003;421(6924):706-8.</p><p>Fossiez F., Djossou O., Chomarat P. et al. T cell interleukin-17 induces stromal cells to produce proinflammatory and hematopoi-etic cytokines. J Exp Med 1996;183(6):2593-603.</p><p>Aggarwal S., Ghilardi N., Xie M. et al. Interleukin-23 promotes a distinct CD4 T cell activation state characterized by the production of interleukin-17. J Biol Chem 2003;278(3):1910-4.</p><p>Bush K.A., Walker J.S., Lee C.S. et al. Cytokine expression and synovial pathology in the initiation and spontaneous resolution phases of adjuvant arthritis: interleukin-17 expression is upregulated in early disease. Clin Exp Immunol 2001;123(3):487-95.</p><p>Kotake S., Udagawa N., Takahashi N. et al. IL-17 in synovial fluids from patients with rheumatoid arthritis is a potent stimulator of osteoclastogenesis. J Clin Invest 1999;103(9):1345-52.</p><p>Attur M.G., Patel R.N., Abramson S.B. et al. Interleukin-17 up-regulation of nitric oxide production in human osteoarthritis cartilage. Arthr Rheum 1997;40(6):1050-3.</p><p>Lubberts E., van den Bersselaar L., Oppers-Walgreen B. et al. IL-17 promotes bone erosion in murine collagen-induced arthritis through loss of the receptor activator of NF-kappa B ligand/osteoprotegerin balance. J Immunol 2003;170(5):2655-62.</p><p>Miossec P. Interleukin-17 in rheumatoid arthritis: if T cells were to contribute to inflammation and destruction through synergy. Arthr Rheum 2003;48(3):594-601.</p><p>Nakae S., Nambu A., Sudo K. et al.Suppression of immune induction of collagen-induced arthritis in IL-17-deficient mice. J Immunol 2003;171(11):6173-7.</p><p>Nakae S., Saijo S., Horai R. et al. IL-17 production from activated T cells is required for the spontaneous development of destructive arthritis in mice deficient in IL-1 receptor antagonist. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003;100(10):5986-90.</p><p>Burchill M.A., Nardelli D.T., England D.M. et al. Inhibition of interleukin-17 prevents the development of arthritis in vaccinated mice challenged with Borrelia burgdorferi. Infect Immun 2003;71(6):3437-42.</p><p>Lubberts E., Koenders M., Oppers-Walgreen B. et al. Treatment with a neutralizing anti-murine interleukin-17 antibody after the onset of collagen-induced arthritis reduces joint inflammation, cartilage destruction, and bone erosion. Arthr Rheum 2004;50(2):650-9.</p><p>Trachsel E., Bootz F., Silacci M. et al. Antibody-mediated delivery of IL-10 inhibits the progression of established collagen-induced arthritis. Arthr Res Ther 2007;9(1):9.</p><p>Hong K., Cho M., Min S. Effect of interleukin-4 on vascular endothelial growth factor production in rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts. Clin Exper Immunology 2006;147:573-9.</p><p>Ohmura K., Nguyen L., Locksley R. et al. Interleukin-4 can be a key positive regulator of inflammatory arthritis. Arthr Rheum 2005;52(6):1866-75.</p><p>Möller B., Paulukat J., Nold M. et al. Interferon-gamma induces expression of interleukin-18 binding protein in fibroblastlike synoviocytes. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2003;42(3):442-5.</p><p>Cannon G.W., Pincus S.H., Emkey R.D. et al. Double-blind trial of recombinant gamma-interferon versus placebo in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthr Rheum 1989;32(8):964-73.</p><p>Smith K.A. T-cell growth factor. Immunol Rev 1980;51:337-57.</p><p>Blanchard D.K., Kavanagh J.J., Sinkovics J.G. et al. Infiltration of interleukin-2-inducible killer cells in ascitic fluid and pleural effusions of advanced cancer patients. Cancer Res 1988;15, 48(22):6321-7.</p><p>Yokoyama A., Evavold B., Dunn D. et al. Production of IL-2 and IFN by TH2 clones. Immunol Lett 1989;21(2):119-25.</p><p>Hamblin AS. Lymphokines and interleukins. Immunol Suppl 1988;1:39-41.</p><p>Бережная Н.М., Горецкий Б.А. Биологические эффекты интерлейкина-2 и перспективы его использования в иммунотерапии злокачественных новообразований. Эксперим онкол 1989;11(6):38-44.</p><p>Fry T.J., Mackall C.L. Interleukin-7: from bench to clinic. Blood 2002;99(11):3892-904.</p><p>De Benedetti F., Massa M., Pignatti P. et al. Elevated circulating interleukin-7 levels in patients with systemic juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 1995;22(8):1581-5.</p><p>van Roon J.A., Glaudemans K.A., Bijlsma J.W. et al. Interleukin 7 stimulates tumour necrosis factor alpha and Th1 cytokine production in joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2003;62(2):113-9.</p><p>Alderson M.R., Tough T.W., Ziegler S.F. et al. Interleukin 7 induces cytokine secretion and tumoricidal activity by human peripheral blood monocytes. J Exp Med 1991;173(4):923-30.</p><p>Toraldo G., Roggia C., Qian W. et al. IL-7 induces bone loss in vivo by induction of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand and tumor necrosis factor alpha from T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003;100(1):125-30.</p><p>Taha A., Grant V., Kelly R. Urinalysis for interleukin-8 in the non-invasive diagnosis of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. Postgrad Med J 2003;79(929):159-63.</p><p>Rothe L., Collin-Osdoby P., Chen Y. et al. Human osteoclasts and osteoclast-like cells synthesize and release high basal and inflammatory stimulated levels of the potent chemokine interleukin-8. Endocrinology 1998;139(10):4353-63.</p><p>Кадагидзе З.Г. Цитокины. Практ онкол 2003;4(3):131-9.</p><p>Lejeune D., Demoulin J., Renauld J. Interleukin 9 induces expression of three cytokine signal inhibitors: cytokine-inducible SH2-containing protein, suppressor of cytokine signalling (SOCS)-2 and SOCS-3, but only SOCS-3 overexpression suppresses interleukin 9 signalling. Biochem J 2001;353(1):109-16.</p><p>Hart P.H., Ahern M.J., Smith M.D. et al. Regulatory effects of IL-13 on synovial fluid macrophages and blood monocytes from patients with inflammatory arthritis. Clin Exp Immunol 1995;99(3):331-7.</p><p>Haas C.S., Amin M.A., Ruth J.H. et al. In vivo inhibition of angiogenesis by inter-leukin-13 gene therapy in a rat model of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthr Rheum 2007;56(8):2535-48.</p><p>Yamashita A., Yonemitsu Y., Okano S. et al. Fibroblast growth factor-2 determines severity of joint disease in adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats. J Immunol 2002;168(1):450-7.</p><p>Nakano K., Okada Y., Saito K. et al. Induction of RANKL expression and osteoclast maturation by the binding of fibroblast growth factor 2 to heparan sulfate proteoglycan on rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts. Arthr Rheum 2004;50(8):2450-8.</p><p>Cook A.D., Braine E.L., Campbell I.K. et al. Blockade of collagen-induced arthritis post-onset by antibody to granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF): requirement for GM-CSF in the effector phase of disease. Arthr Res 2001;3(5):293-8.</p><p>Hanaoka R., Kasama T., Muramatsu M. et al. A novel mechanism for the regulation of IFN-gamma inducible protein-10 expression in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthr Res Ther 2003;5(2):74-81.</p><p>Cho M.L., Yoon B.Y., Ju J.H. et al. Expression of CCR2A, an isoform of MCP-1 receptor, is increased by MCP-1, CD40 ligand and TGF-beta in fibroblast like synoviocytes of patients with RA. Exp Mol Med 2007;39(4):499-507.</p><p>Toh K., Kukita T., Wu Z. et al. Possible involvement of MIP-1alpha in the recruitment of osteoclast progenitors to the distal tibia in rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis. Lab Invest 2004;84(9):1092-102.</p><p>Wang C.R., Liu M.F. Regulation of CCR5 expression and MIP-1alpha production in CD4+ T cells from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Exp Immunol 2003;132(2):371-8.</p><p>Beckmann M.P., Betsholtz C., Heldin C. et al. Comparison of biological properties and transforming potential of human PDGF-A and PDGF-B chains. Science 1988;241(4871):1346-9.</p><p>Nister M., Libermann T., Betsholtz C. et al. Expression of messenger RNAs for platelet-derived growth factor and transforming growth factor-alpha and their receptors in human malignant glioma cell lines. Cancer Res 1988;15,48(14):3910-8.</p><p>Nistör M., Hammacher A., Mellström K. et al. A glioma-derived PDGF A chain homodimer has different functional activities from a PDGF AB heterodimer purified from human platelets. Cell 1988;52(6):791-9.</p><p>Hart C., Forstrom J., Kelly J. et al. Two classes of PDGF receptor recognize different isoforms of PDGF. Science 1988;240(4858):1529-31.</p><p>Heldin C., Bä ckström G., Ostman A. et al. Binding of different dimeric forms of PDGF to human fibroblasts: evidence for two separate receptor types. EMBO J 1988;7(5):1387-93.</p><p>Thornton S.C., Por S.B., Penny R. et al. Identification of the major fibroblast growth factors released spontaneously in inflammatory arthritis as platelet derived growth factor and tumour necrosis factor-alpha. Clin Exp Immunol 1991;86(1):79-86.</p><p>Kameda H., Ishigami H., Suzuki M. et al. Imatinib mesylate inhibits proliferation of rheumatoid synovial fibroblast-like cells and phosphorylation of Gab adapter proteins activated by platelet-derived growth factor. Clin Exp Immunol 2006;144(2):335-41.</p><p>Murakami M., Iwai S., Hiratsuka S. et al. Signaling of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 tyrosine kinase promotes rheumatoid arthritis through activation of monocytes/macrophages. Blood 2006;108(6):1849-56.</p><p>Klimiuk P., Sierakowski S., Latosiewicz R. et al. Soluble adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and E-selectin) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in patients with distinct variants of rheumatoid synovitis. Ann Rheum Dis 2002;61(9):804-9.</p><p>Марченко Ж.С., Лукина Г.В. Роль сосудистого эндотелиального фактора роста в патогенезе ревматоидного артрита. Науч-практич ревматол 2005;1:57-61.</p><p>Kowanetz M., Ferrara N. Vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathways: therapeutic perspective. Clin Cancer Res 2006;12(17):5018-22.</p><p>Firestein G.S. Pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis: how early is early? Arthr Res Ther 2005;7(4):157-9.</p></div><br />