INTERSTITIAL LUNG DISEASE ASSOCIATED WITH SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS

The basis for the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis (SS) is immune disorders that initiate inflammation, as well as vasculopathy with obvious microcirculatory disturbances, and generalized fibrosis. In SS, lung injury is due to an arterial lesion and/or a fibrotic process in the lung parenchyma and occurs as two major syndromes that are rarely concurrent in one patient; these are pulmonary arterial hypertension and interstitial lung disease (ILD). In SS, lung injury negatively affects the prognosis and ranks first among the causes of death. The review focuses on ILD, the most common injury of the respiratory tract in SS, which is detectable in 80% of patients, as evidenced by multislice spiral computed tomography (MSCT) of the chest. The histological manifestations are similar to those of idiopathic ILDs, but the histological type does not determine the prognosis. The course of ILD in SS is relatively benign, often subclinical. A severe progressive lesion develops only in 10–15% of cases. Clinically significant changes in the lung parenchyma develop early, within the first 3–5 years of the disease. Pulmonary functional tests show that relatively preserved and stable forced vital capacity is long recorded in the majority of patients, but the diffusing capacity of the lung is reduced in 70–80% of the patients. The values of pulmonary tests during the first examination are of prognostic value; the lower than normal they are, the worse the prognosis. Chest MSCT should be carried out in all patients with newly diagnosed SS, as the quantitative (prevalence) and qualitative (frosted glass, honeycomb lung) indicators affect the determination of therapy policy. ILD treatment is performed only in patients with obvious signs of progression, which are determined from the time course of changes in the decrease of values of pulmonary functional tests. Immunosuppressants, cyclophosphamide being the drug of choice, are used to treat ILD; biological agents, tocilizumab in particular, are currently being tested.

1. Steen VD, Medsger TA. Changes in causes of death in systemic sclerosis, 1972-2002. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007;66:940-4. doi: 10.1136/ard.2006.066068

2. Гусева НГ. Системная склеродермия. В кн.: Сигидин ЯА, Гусева НГ, Иванова ММ. Диффузные болезни соединительной ткани. Москва: Медицина; 2004. С. 341- 57 [Guseva NG. Systemic sclerosis. In: Sigidin YaA, Guseva NG, Ivanova MM. Diffuznye bolezni soedinitel’noi tkani [Diffuse connective tissue disease]. Moscow: Meditsina; 2004. P. 341- 57].

3. Varga J, Abraham D. Systemic sclerosis: a prototypic multisystem fibrotic disorder. J Clin Invest. 2007;117:557-67. doi: 10.1172/JCI31139

4. Gabrielli E, Avvedimento V, Krieg T. Mechanisms of disease: Scleroderma. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(19):1989-2003. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra0806188

5. Гусева НГ. Системная склеродермия. В кн.: Ревматология. Национальное руководство. Москва; 2008. С. 447-66 [Guseva NG. Systemic sclerosis. In: Revmatologiya. Natsional’noe rukovodstvo [Rheumatology. National guidelines]. Moscow; 2008. P. 447-66].

6. Tyndall AJ, Bannert B, Vonk M, et al. Causes and risk factors for death in systemic sclerosis: a study from the EULAR Scleroderma Trials and Research (EUSTAR) database. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010 Oct;69(10):1809-15. doi: 10.1136/ard.2009.114264

7. Bakst R, Merola JE, Franks AG Jr, Sanchez M. Raynaud's phenomenon: pathogenesis and management. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;59:633-53. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2008.06.004

8. Алекперов РТ. Синдром Рейно как мультидисциплинарная проблема. Альманах клинической медицины. 2014;35:94-100 [Alekperov RT. Raynaud's syndrome is a multidisciplinary problem. Al’manakh Klinicheskoi Meditsiny. 2014;35:94-100 (In Russ.)].

9. Afeltra A, Zennaro D, Garzia P, et al. Prevalence of interstitial lung involvement in patients with connective tissue diseases assessed with high-resolution computed tomography. Scand J Rheumatol. 2006;35(5):388-94. doi: 10.1080/03009740600844381

10. Goh NS, Desai SR, Veeraraghavan S, et al. Interstitial lung disease in systemic sclerosis: a simple staging system. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008 Jun 1;177(11):1248-54. doi: 10.1164/rccm.200706-877OC. Epub 2008 Mar 27.

11. Теплова ЛВ, Ананьева ЛП, Лесняк ВН и др. Системная склеродермия с интерстициальным поражением легких: сравнительная клиническая характеристика с больными без поражения легких. Научно-практическая ревматология. 2010;48(3):41-7 [Teplova LV, Ananyeva LP, Lesnyak VN, et al. Scleroderma systematica with interstitial lung lesion: comparative clinical characteristicswith patients without lung lesion. Nauchno- Prakticheskaya Revmatologiya = Rheumatology Science and Practice. 2010;48(3):41-7 (In Russ.)]. doi: 10.14412/1995-4484-2010-442

12. Nichtyanova SI, Tang EC, Coghlan JG, et al. Improved survival in systemic sclerosis is associated with better ascertainment of internal organ disease: a retrospective cohort study. QJM. 2010;103:109-15. doi: 10.1093/qjmed/hcp174

13. Van Laar JM, Farge D, Sont JK, et al. High dose immunoablation and autolougous hematopoetic stem cell transplantation versus monthly intravenous pulse therapy cyclophosphamide in severe systemic sclerosis [abstract]. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64:4167.

14. Bouros D, Wells AU, Nicholson AG, et al. Histopathologic subsets of fibrosing alveolitis in patients with systemic sclerosis and their relationship to outcome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;165:1581-6. doi: 10.1164/rccm.2106012

15. Tashkin DP, Elashoff R, Clements PJ, et al. Cyclophosphamide versus placebo in scleroderma lung disease. N Eng J Med. 2006;354:2655-66. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa055120

16. Fischer A, Swigris JJ, Groshong SD, et al. Clinically significant interstitial lung disease in limited scleroderma: histopathology, clinical features, and survival. Chest. 2008;134:601-5. doi: 10.1378/chest.08-0053

17. Steen VD, Medsger AT. Severe organ involvement in systemic sclerosis with diffuse scleroderma. Arthritis Rheum. 2000;43:2437-44. doi: 10.1002/1529-0131(200011)43:11<2437::AIDANR10>3.0.CO;2-U

18. Clements PJ, Roth MD, Elashoff R, et al. Scleroderma lung study (SLS): differences in the presentation and course of patients with limited versus diffuse systemic sclerosis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007;66(12):1641-7. doi: 10.1136/ard.2007.069518

19. Nyhtyanova SI, Schreiber BE, Ong VH, et al. Prediction of pulmonary complication and long-term survival in systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Rheum. 2014;66(6):1625-35. doi: 10.1002/art.38390

20. Launay D, Remy-Jardin M, Michon-Pasturel U, et al. High resolution computed tomography in fibrosing alveolitis associated with systemic sclerosis. J Rheumatol. 2006;33:1789-801.

21. Goldin JG, Lynch DA, Strollo DC, et al. High-resolution CT scan findings in patients with symptomatic scleroderma-related interstitial lung disease. Chest. 2008;134(2):358-67. doi: 10.1378/chest.07-2444

22. Ананьева ЛП, Теплова ЛВ, Лесняк ВН и др. Клиническая оценка проявлений интерстициальных поражений легких при системной склеродермии по данным компьютерной томографии высокого разрешения. Научно-практическая ревматология. 2011;49(2):30-9 [Anan’eva LP, Teplova LV, Lesnyak VN, et al. Clinical evaluation of the manifestations of interstitial lung injuryin systemic scleroderma from high-resolution computer tomography data. Nauchno-Prakticheskaya Revmatologiya = Rheumatology Science and Practice. 2011;49(2):30-9 (In Russ.)]. doi: 10.14412/1995-4484-2011-600

23. Алекперов РТ, Черемухина ЕО, Ананьева ЛП и др. Одностороннее поражение легких при системной склеродермии (описание случая). Научно-практическая ревматология. 2014;52(4):458-63 [Alekperov RT, Cheremukhina EO, Ananyeva LP, et al. Unilateral lung injury in scleroderma systematica: A case report. Nauchno-Prakticheskaya Revmatologiya = Rheumatology Science and Practice. 2014;52(4):458-63 (In Russ.)]. doi: 10.14412/1995-4484-2014-458-463

24. Steen VD, Conte C, Owens GR, Medsgar TA Jr. Severe restrictive lung disease in systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Rheum. 1994;37:1283-9. doi: 10.1002/art.1780370903

25. Goldin J, Elashoff R, Kim HJ, et al. Treatment of sclerodermainterstitial lung disease with cyclophosphamide is associated with less progressive fibrosis on serial thoracic high- resolution CT scan than placebo: findings from the scleroderma lung study. Chest. 2009;136(5):1333-40. doi: 10.1378/chest.09-0108

26. Wells AU, Hansell DM, Rubens MB. Fibrosing alveolitis in systemic sclerosis: indices of lung function in relation to extent of disease on computed tomography. Arthrytis Rheum. 1997;40(7):1229-36.

27. Greenwald GI, Tashkin DP, Gong H, et al. Longitudinal changes in lung function and respiratory symptoms in progressive systemic sclerosis. Prospective study. Am J Med. 1987;83:83-92. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(87)90501-8

28. Khanna D, Chi-Hong Tseng, Farmani N, et al. Clinical course of lung physiology in patients with scleroderma and interstitial lung disease: Analysis of the Scleroderma Lung Study Placebo Group. Arthritis Rheum. 2011;63(10):3078-85. doi: 10.1002/art.30467

29. Assassi S, Sharif R, Lasky RE, et al. Predictors of interstitial lung disease in early systemic sclerosis: a prospective longitudinal study of the GENISOS cohort. Arthritis Res Ther. 2010;12:R166. doi: 10.1186/ar3125

30. Gilson M, Zerkak D, Wipff J, et al. Prognostic factors for lung function in systemic sclerosis: prospective study of 105 cases. Eur Respir J. 2010 Jan;35(1):112-7. doi: 10.1183/09031936.00060209

31. Plastiras SC, Karadimitrakis SP, Ziakas PD, et al. Scleroderma lung: initial forced vital capacity as predictor of pulmonary function decline. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;55(4):598-602. doi: 10.1002/art.22099

32. Au K, Khanna D, Clements PJ, et al. Current concepts in diseasemodifying therapy for systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease: lessons from clinical trials. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2009;11(2):111-9. doi: 10.1007/s11926-009-0016-2

33. Kowal-Bielecka O, Landewe R, Avouac J, et al. EULAR recommendations for the treatment of systemic sclerosis: a report from the EULAR Scleroderma Trials and Research group (EUSTAR). Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;8(5):620-8. doi: 10.1136/ard.2008.096677

34. Khanna D, Denton CP, Jahreis A, et al. Safety and efficacy of subcutaneous tocilizumab in adults with systemic sclerosis (faSScinate): a phase 2, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet. 2016 May 5. pii: S0140-6736(16)00232-4. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00232-4 [Epub ahead of print].

35. Ананьева ЛП, Соловьев СК, Бекетова ТВ и др. Анти-В-клеточная терапия при иммуновоспалительных ревматических заболеваниях: эффективность и переносимость у 229 больных. Научно-практическая ревматология. 2014;52(5):495-506 [Ananieva LP, Soloviyov SK, Beketova TV, et al. Anti-B-cell therapy at immune inflammatory rheumatic diseases: efficacy and tolerability in 229 patients. Nauchno-Prakticheskaya Revmatologiya = Rheumatology Science and Practice. 2014;52(5):495-506(In Russ.)]. doi: 10.14412/1995-4484-2014-495-506