Хроническая посттравматическая боль: ревматологические и ортопедические аспекты

Травма вызывает сложную локальную и системную реакцию макроорганизма, которая может вызывать различные функциональные, неврологические и психоэмоциональные нарушения. Одним из наиболее тягостных осложнений травм скелетно-мышечной системы является хроническая посттравматическая боль (ХПТБ), которая возникает в зависимости от выраженности повреждения в 10–50% случаев. Патогенез этого синдрома имеет многофакторный характер и включает в себя развитие хронического воспаления, дегенеративных изменений (фиброз, неоангиогенез, гетеротопическая оссификация), патологию мышечной и нервной системы, нейропластические нарушения, приводящие к развитию центральной сенситизации, а также депрессию, тревогу и катастрофизацию. Факторами риска ХПТБ следует считать тяжесть травмы, коморбидные заболевания и состояния (в частности ожирение), стресс и серьезное переживание, связанное с травмой (в рамках посттравматического стрессорного расстройства), развитие посттравматического остеоартрита и хронической тендопатии, генетическую предрасположенность, недостатки лечения и реабилитации в раннем периоде после травмы. На сегодняшний день не существует четкой системы профилактики и лечения ХПТБ. Учитывая патогенез этого страдания, принципиальное значение имеют адекватное обезболивание после травмы, активная противовоспалительная терапия (в т. ч. локальные инъекции глюкокортикоидов), применение гиалуроновой кислоты, медленнодействующих симптоматических средств и аутологичных клеточных препаратов – обогащенной тромбоцитами плазмы, мезенхимальных стволовых клеток и др. Однако терапевтические и хирургические методы контроля ХПТБ требуют дальнейшего изучения.

1. Федеральная служба государственной статистики. Здравоохранение в России. Официальное издание. М. ;2021.

2. Загородний НВ, Колесник АИ, Лазарев АФ, Солод ЕИ, Очкуренко АА, Бухтин КМ, и др. Современные тенденции в оперативном лечении больных с повреждениями таза и вертлужной впадины (обзор литературы). Гений ортопедии. 2020;26(2):266–274.

3. Gribble PA, Bleakley CM, Caulfield BM, Docherty CL, Fourchet F, Fong DT, et al. Evidence review for the 2016 International Ankle Consortium consensus statement on the prevalence, impact and long-term consequences of lateral ankle sprains. Br J Sports Med. 2016;50(24):1496–1505. doi: 10.1136/ bjsports-2016-096189

4. Singh P, Chazaud B. Benefits and pathologies associated with the inflammatory response. Exp Cell Res. 2021;409(1):112905. doi: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112905

5. Assmus H, Antoniadis G, Bischoff C. Carpal and cubital tunnel and other, rarer nerve compression syndromes. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2015;112(1-2):14–25;quiz 26. doi: 10.3238/arztebl.2015.0014

6. Dutton LK, Rhee PC. Complex regional pain syndrome and distal radius fracture: Etiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Hand Clin. 2021;37(2):315–322. doi: 10.1016/j.hcl.2021.02.013

7. Shahabpour M, Abid W, Van Overstraeten L, De Maeseneer M. Wrist trauma: More than bones. J Belg Soc Radiol. 2021;105(1):90. doi: 10.5334/jbsr.2709

8. Mathews AL, Chung KC. Management of complications of distal radius fractures. Hand Clin. 2015;31(2):205–215. doi: 10.1016/ j.hcl.2014.12.002

9. Hassan S, Shafafy R, Mohan A, Magnussen P. Solitary ulnar shortening osteotomy for malunion of distal radius fractures: experience of a centre in the UK and review of the literature. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2019;101(3):203–207. doi: 10.1308/rcsann.2018.0211

10. Chantelot C. Post-traumatic carpal instability. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2014;100(Suppl 1):S45–S53. doi: 10.1016/ j.otsr.2013.06.015

11. Meyer C, Chang J, Stern P, Osterman AL, Abzug JM. Complications of distal radial and scaphoid fracture treatment. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2013;95(16):1517–1526. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.9516icl

12. Zemirline A, Taleb C, Naito K, Vernet P, Liverneaux P, Lebailly F. Distal radius fracture fixation with a volar locking plate and endoscopic carpal tunnel release using a single 15 mm approach: Feasibility study. Hand Surg Rehabil. 2018:S2468-1229(18)30068-9. doi: 10.1016/j.hansur.2018.03.006

13. Jo YH, Kim K, Lee BG, Kim JH, Lee CH, Lee KH. Incidence of and risk factors for complex regional pain syndrome type 1 after surgery for distal radius fractures: A population-based study. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):4871. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-41152-x

14. Andersson JK, Hagert E, Brittberg M. Cartilage injuries and posttraumatic osteoarthritis in the wrist: A review. Cartilage. 2021;13(Suppl 1):156–168. doi: 10.1177/19476035211021909

15. Mitchell SAT, Majuta LA, Mantyh PW. New insights in understanding and treating bone fracture pain. Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2018;16(4):325–332. doi: 10.1007/s11914-018-0446-8

16. Masala IF, Caso F, Sarzi-Puttini P, Salaffi F, Atzeni F. Acute and chronic pain in orthopaedic and rheumatologic diseases: Mechanisms and characteristics. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2017;105(3 Suppl 35):127–131.

17. Lavand’homme P. The progression from acute to chronic pain. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2011;24(5):545–550. doi: 10.1097/ ACO.0b013e32834a4f74

18. Lobo JJ, McLean SA, Tungate AS, Peak DA, Swor RA, Rathlev NK, et al. Polygenic risk scoring to assess genetic overlap and protective factors influencing posttraumatic stress, depression, and chronic pain after motor vehicle collision trauma. Transl Psychiatry. 2021;11(1):359. doi: 10.1038/s41398-021-01486-5

19. Michels F, Wastyn H, Pottel H, Stockmans F, Vereecke E, Matricali G. The presence of persistent symptoms 12 months following a first lateral ankle sprain: A systematic review and metaanalysis. Foot Ankle Surg. 2022;28(7):817–826. doi: 10.1016/ j.fas.2021.12.002

20. Vasconcelos DP, Jabangwe C, Lamghari M, Alves CJ. The neuroimmune interplay in joint pain: The role of macrophages. Front Immunol. 2022;13:812962. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.812962

21. Haubruck P, Pinto MM, Moradi B, Little CB, Gentek R. Monocytes, macrophages, and their potential niches in synovial joints – Therapeutic targets in post-traumatic osteoarthritis? Front Immunol. 2021;12:763702. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.763702

22. Griffin TM, Scanzello CR. Innate inflammation and synovial macrophages in osteoarthritis pathophysiology. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2019;120(5 Suppl 37):57–63.

23. Katrinli S, Smith AK. Immune system regulation and role of the human leukocyte antigen in posttraumatic stress disorder. Neurobiol Stress. 2021;15:100366. doi: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2021.100366

24. Das UN. Pro- and anti-inflammatory bioactive lipids imbalance contributes to the pathobiology of autoimmune diseases. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2022 Jun 14. doi: 10.1038/s41430-022-01173-8

25. Theeuwes WF, van den Bosch MHJ, Thurlings RM, Blom AB, van Lent PLEM. The role of inflammation in mesenchymal stromal cell therapy in osteoarthritis, perspectives for post-traumatic osteoarthritis: A review. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2021;60(3):1042– 1053. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/keaa910

26. Riegger J, Brenner RE. Pathomechanisms of posttraumatic osteoarthritis: Chondrocyte behavior and fate in a precarious environment. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(5):1560. doi: 10.3390/ijms21051560

27. Russo V, El Khatib M, Prencipe G, Citeroni MR, Faydaver M, Mauro A, et al. Tendon immune regeneration: Insights on the synergetic role of stem and immune cells during tendon regeneration. Cells. 2022;11(3):434. doi: 10.3390/cells11030434

28. Janakiram NB, Valerio MS, Goldman SM, Dearth CL. The role of the inflammatory response in mediating functional recovery following composite tissue injuries. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(24):13552. doi: 10.3390/ijms222413552

29. Relja B, Land WG. Damage-associated molecular patterns in trauma. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2020;46(4):751–775. doi: 10.1007/ s00068-019-01235-w

30. Martin KE, García AJ. Macrophage phenotypes in tissue repair and the foreign body response: Implications for biomaterial-based regenerative medicine strategies. Acta Biomater. 2021;133:4–16. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.03.038

31. Sass FA, Fuchs M, Pumberger M, Geissler S, Duda GN, Perka C, et al. Immunology guides skeletal muscle regeneration. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19(3):835. doi: 10.3390/ijms19030835

32. DiPietro LA. Angiogenesis and wound repair: When enough is enough. J Leukoc Biol. 2016;100(5):979–984. doi: 10.1189/ jlb.4MR0316-102R

33. Eitner A, Hofmann GO, Schaible HG. Mechanisms of osteoarthritic pain. Studies in humans and experimental models. Front Mol Neurosci. 2017;10:349. doi: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00349

34. Li L, Tuan RS. Mechanism of traumatic heterotopic ossification: In search of injury-induced osteogenic factors. J Cell Mol Med. 2020;24(19):11046–11055. doi: 10.1111/jcmm.15735

35. Lukač N, Katavić V, Novak S, Šućur A, Filipović M, Kalajzić I, et al. What do we know about bone morphogenetic proteins and osteochondroprogenitors in inflammatory conditions? Bone. 2020;137:115403. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115403

36. Vasta S, Di Martino A, Zampogna B, Torre G, Papalia R, Denaro V. Role of VEGF, nitric oxide, and sympathetic neurotransmitters in the pathogenesis of tendinopathy: A review of the current evidences. Front Aging Neurosci. 2016;8:186. doi: 10.3389/ fnagi.2016.00186

37. Sono T, Hsu CY, Wang Y, Xu J, Cherief M, Marini S, et al. Perivascular fibro-adipogenic progenitor tracing during post-traumatic osteoarthritis. Am J Pathol. 2020;190(9):1909–1920. doi: 10.1016/ j.ajpath.2020.05.017

38. Davis JT, Rudloff MI. Posttraumatic arthritis after intra-articular distal femur and proximal tibia fractures. Orthop Clin North Am. 2019;50(4):445–459. doi: 10.1016/j.ocl.2019.06.002

39. Mason D, Englund M, Watt FE. Prevention of posttraumatic osteoarthritis at the time of injury: Where are we now, and where are we going? J Orthop Res. 2021;39(6):1152-1163. doi: 10.1002/jor.24982

40. Jiménez G, Cobo-Molinos J, Antich C, López-Ruiz E. Osteoarthritis: trauma vs disease. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2018;1059:63–83. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-76735-2_3

41. Watt FE, Corp N, Kingsbury SR, Frobell R, Englund M, Felson DT, et al.; Arthritis Research UK Osteoarthritis and Crystal Disease Clinical Study Group Expert Working Group. Towards prevention of post-traumatic osteoarthritis: Report from an international expert working group on considerations for the design and conduct of interventional studies following acute knee injury. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2019;27(1):23–33. doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2018.08.001

42. Thomas AC, Hubbard-Turner T, Wikstrom EA, PalmieriSmith RM. Epidemiology of posttraumatic osteoarthritis. J Athl Train. 2017;52(6):491–496. doi: 10.4085/1062-6050-51.5.08

43. Macías-Hernández SI, Morones-Alba JD, Miranda-Duarte A, Coronado-Zarco R, Soria-Bastida MLA, Nava-Bringas T, et al. Glenohumeral osteoarthritis: overview, therapy, and rehabilitation. Disabil Rehabil. 2017;39(16):1674–1682. doi: 10.1080/09638288.20 16.1207206

44. Menge TJ, Boykin RE, Bushnell BD, Byram IR. Acromioclavicular osteoarthritis: A common cause of shoulder pain. South Med J. 2014;107(5):324–329. doi: 10.1097/SMJ.0000000000000101

45. Khlopas H, Khlopas A, Samuel LT, Ohliger E, Sultan AA, Chughtai M, et al. Current concepts in osteoarthritis of the ankle: Review. Surg Technol Int. 2019;35:280–294.

46. Ravalli S, Pulici C, Binetti S, Aglieco A, Vecchio M, Musumeci G. An overview of the pathogenesis and treatment of elbow osteoarthritis. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol. 2019;4(2):30. doi: 10.3390/ jfmk4020030

47. Favero M, Ramonda R, Goldring MB, Goldring SR, Punzi L. Early knee osteoarthritis. RMD Open. 2015;1(Suppl 1):e000062. doi: 10.1136/rmdopen-2015-000062

48. Mahmoudian А, Lohmander L, Jafari H, Luyten F. Towards classification criteria for early-stage knee osteoarthritis: A populationbased study to enrich for progressors. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2021;51(1):285–291. doi: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2020.11.002

49. McKernan LC, Johnson BN, Crofford LJ, Lumley MA, Bruehl S, Cheavens JS. Posttraumatic stress symptoms mediate the effects of trauma exposure on clinical indicators of central sensitization in patients with chronic pain. Clin J Pain. 2019;35(5):385–393. doi: 10.1097/AJP.0000000000000689

50. Hiraga SI, Itokazu T, Nishibe M, Yamashita T. Neuroplasticity related to chronic pain and its modulation by microglia. Inflamm Regen. 2022;42(1):15. doi: 10.1186/s41232-022-00199-6

51. Wood MJ, Miller RE, Malfait AM. The genesis of pain in osteoarthritis: Inflammation as a mediator of osteoarthritis pain. Clin Geriatr Med. 2022;38(2):221–238. doi: 10.1016/j.cger.2021.11.013

52. Fitzcharles MA, Cohen SP, Clauw DJ, Littlejohn G, Usui C, Häuser W. Nociplastic pain: Towards an understanding of prevalent pain conditions. Lancet. 2021;397(10289):2098–2110. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00392-5

53. Miller RJ, Malfait AM, Miller RE. The innate immune response as a mediator of osteoarthritis pain. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2020;28(5):562–571. doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2019.11.006

54. Bishop LS, Ameral VE, Palm Reed KM. The Impact of Experiential Avoidance and Event Centrality in Trauma-Related Rumination and Posttraumatic Stress. Behav Modif. 2018;42(6):815–837. doi:10.1177/0145445517747287

55. Cortez MM, Millsap L, Rea NA, Sciarretta C, Brennan KC. Photophobia and allodynia in persistent post-traumatic headache are associated with higher disease burden. Cephalalgia. 2021;41(10):1089-1099. doi: 10.1177/03331024211010304

56. Kleykamp BA, Ferguson MC, McNicol E, Bixho I, Arnold LM, Edwards RR, et al. The prevalence of psychiatric and chronic pain comorbidities in fibromyalgia: An ACTTION systematic review. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2021;51(1):166–174. doi: 10.1016/ j.semarthrit.2020.10.006

57. Wluka AE, Yan MK, Lim KY, Hussain SM, Cicuttini FM. Does preoperative neuropathic-like pain and central sensitisation affect the post-operative outcome of knee joint replacement for osteoarthritis? A systematic review and meta analysis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2020;28(11):1403–1411. doi: 10.1016/ j.joca.2020.07.010

58. Kim DJ, Mirmina J, Narine S, Wachtel J, Carbajal JM, Fox H, et al. Altered physical pain processing in different psychiatric conditions. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2022;133:104510. doi: 10.1016/ j.neubiorev.2021.12.033

59. Kang KK, Ciminero ML, Parry JA, Mauffrey C. The psychological effects of musculoskeletal trauma. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2021;29(7):322–329. doi: 10.5435/JAAOS-D-20-00637

60. Gasperi M, Afari N, Goldberg J, Suri P, Panizzon MS. Pain and trauma: The role of criterion a trauma and stressful life events in the pain and PTSD relationship. J Pain. 2021;22(11):1506–1517. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2021.04.015

61. Liu W, Sun Z, Xiong H, Liu J, Lu J, Cai B, et al. What are the prevalence of and factors independently associated with depression and anxiety among patients with posttraumatic elbow stiffness? A cross-sectional, multicenter study. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2022;31(3):469–480. doi: 10.1016/j.jse.2021.11.014

62. Ashina H, Al-Khazali HM, Iljazi A, Ashina S, Amin FM, Lipton RB, et al. Psychiatric and cognitive comorbidities of persistent post-traumatic headache attributed to mild traumatic brain injury. J Headache Pain. 2021;22(1):83. doi: 10.1186/s10194-021-01287-7

63. Naugle KM, Carey C, Evans E, Saxe J, Overman R, White FA. The role of deficient pain modulatory systems in the development of persistent post-traumatic headaches following mild traumatic brain injury: An exploratory longitudinal study. J Headache Pain. 2020;21(1):138. doi: 10.1186/s10194-020-01207-1

64. Breazeale S, Conley S, Gaiser E, Redeker NS. Anxiety symptoms after orthopedic injury: A systematic review. J Trauma Nurs. 2021;28(1):46–55. doi: 10.1097/JTN.0000000000000557

65. Benedict TM, Keenan PG, Nitz AJ, Moeller-Bertram T. Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms contribute to worse pain and health outcomes in veterans with PTSD compared to those without: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Mil Med. 2020;185(9- 10):1481-e1491. doi: 10.1093/milmed/usaa052

66. Adegeest CY, van Gent JAN, Stolwijk-Swüste JM, Post MWM, Vandertop WP, Öner FC, et al. Influence of severity and level of injury on the occurrence of complications during the subacute and chronic stage of traumatic spinal cord injury: A systematic review. J Neurosurg Spine. 2021;36(4):632–652. doi: 10.3171/2021.7.SPINE21537

67. Walton DM, Macdermid JC, Giorgianni AA, Mascarenhas JC, West SC, Zammit CA. Risk factors for persistent problems following acute whiplash injury: Update of a systematic review and metaanalysis. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2013;43(2):31–43. doi: 10.2519/ jospt.2013.4507

68. Dobscha SK, Clark ME, Morasco BJ, Freeman M, Campbell R, Helfand M. Systematic review of the literature on pain in patients with polytrauma including traumatic brain injury. Pain Med. 2009;10(7):1200–1217. doi: 10.1111/j.1526-4637.2009.00721.x

69. Eley VA, Thuzar M, Navarro S, Dodd BR, van Zundert AA. Obesity, metabolic syndrome, and inflammation: An update for anaesthetists caring for patients with obesity. Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med. 2021;40(6):100947. doi: 10.1016/j.accpm.2021.100947

70. Lui PPY, Yung PSH. Inflammatory mechanisms linking obesity and tendinopathy. J Orthop Translat. 2021;31:80–90. doi: 10.1016/ j.jot.2021.10.003

71. Qian M, Shi Y, Yu M. The association between obesity and chronic pain among community-dwelling older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Geriatr Nurs. 2021;42(1):8–15. doi: 10.1016/ j.gerinurse.2020.10.017

72. Knezevic NN, Tverdohleb T, Knezevic I, Candido KD. The role of genetic polymorphisms in chronic pain patients. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19(6):1707. doi: 10.3390/ijms19061707

73. Zorina-Lichtenwalter K, Meloto CB, Khoury S, Diatchenko L. Genetic predictors of human chronic pain conditions. Neuroscience. 2016;338:36–62. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.04.041

74. Bortsov AV, Smith JE, Diatchenko L, Soward AC, Ulirsch JC, Rossi C, et al. Polymorphisms in the glucocorticoid receptor cochaperone FKBP5 predict persistent musculoskeletal pain after traumatic stress exposure. Pain. 2013;154(8):1419–1426. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2013.04.037

75. Borsook D, Edwards R, Elman I, Becerra L, Levine J. Pain and analgesia: the value of salience circuits. Prog Neurobiol. 2013;104:93–105. doi: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.02.003

76. Castillo RC, Raja SN, Frey KP, Vallier HA, Tornetta P 3rd, Jaeblon T, et al.; METRC. Improving pain management and longterm outcomes following high-energy orthopaedic trauma (pain study). J Orthop Trauma. 2017;31(Suppl 1):S71–S77. doi: 10.1097/BOT.0000000000000793

77. Glynn SM, Shetty V, Elliot-Brown K, Leathers R, Belin TR, Wang J. Chronic posttraumatic stress disorder after facial injury: A 1-year prospective cohort study. J Trauma. 2007;62(2):410–418;discussion 418. doi: 10.1097/01.ta.0000231556.05899.b0

78. Quattromani E, Normansell D, Storkan M, Gerdelman G, Krits S, Pennix C, et al. Oligoanalgesia in blunt geriatric trauma. J Emerg Med. 2015;48(6):653–659. doi: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2014.12.043

79. Ko A, Harada MY, Smith EJ, Scheipe M, Alban RF, Melo N, et al. Pain assessment and control in the injured elderly. Am Surg. 2016;82(10):867–871.

80. Hatherley C, Jennings N, Cross R. Time to analgesia and pain score documentation best practice standards for the Emergency Department – A literature review. Australas Emerg Nurs J. 2016;19(1):26–36. doi: 10.1016/j.aenj.2015.11.001

81. Sanders TL, Kremers HM, Bryan AJ, Fruth KM, Larson DR, Pareek A, et al. Is anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction effective in preventing secondary meniscal tears and osteoarthritis? Am J Sports Med. 2016;44(7):1699–1707. doi: 10.1177/0363546516634325

82. Hagmeijer MH, Hevesi M, Desai VS, Sanders TL, Camp CL, Hewett TE, et al. Secondary meniscal tears in patients with anterior cruciate ligament injury: Relationship among operative management, osteoarthritis, and arthroplasty at 18-year mean follow-up. Am J Sports Med. 2019;47(7):1583–1590. doi: 10.1177/0363546519844481

83. DePhillipo NN, Dekker TJ, Aman ZS, Bernholt D, Grantham WJ, LaPrade RF. Incidence and healing rates of meniscal tears in patients undergoing repair during the first stage of 2-stage revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med. 2019;47(14):3389–3395. doi: 10.1177/0363546519878421

84. Ding DY, Chang RN, Allahabadi S, Coughlan MJ, Prentice HA, Maletis GB. Acute and subacute anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions are associated with a higher risk of revision and reoperation. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2022;30(10):3311–3321. doi: 10.1007/s00167-022-06912-9

85. Cuzzolin M, Previtali D, Zaffagnini S, Deabate L, Candrian C, Filardo G. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction versus nonoperative treatment: better function and less secondary meniscectomies but no difference in knee osteoarthritis – A meta-analysis. Cartilage. 2021;13(Suppl 1):1658S–1670S. doi: 10.1177/19476035211046041

86. Harris KP, Driban JB, Sitler MR, Cattano NM, Balasubramanian E, Hootman JM. Tibiofemoral osteoarthritis after surgical or nonsurgical treatment of anterior cruciate ligament rupture: A systematic review. J Athl Train. 2017;52(6):507–517. doi: 10.4085/1062-6050-49.3.89

87. Lapner P, Henry P, Athwal GS, Moktar J, McNeil D, MacDonald P; Canadian Shoulder and Elbow Society. Treatment of rotator cuff tears: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2022;31(3):e120–e129. doi: 10.1016/j.jse.2021.11.002

88. Finger L, Dunn R, Hughes J, Lesniak B, Lin A. Clinical outcomes secondary to time to surgery for atraumatic rotator cuff tears. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2022;31(6S):S18–S24. doi: 10.1016/ j.jse.2021.12.028

89. Gutman MJ, Joyce CD, Patel MS, Kirsch JM, Gutman BS, Abboud JA, et al. Early repair of traumatic rotator cuff tears improves functional outcomes. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2021;30(11):2475-2483. doi: 10.1016/j.jse.2021.03.134

90. Chu CR. Concepts important to secondary prevention of posttraumatic osteoarthritis. J Athl Train. 2019;54(9):987–988. doi: 10.4085/1062-6050-54.082

91. Hsu JR, Mir H, Wally MK, Seymour RB; Orthopaedic Trauma Association Musculoskeletal Pain Task Force. Clinical practice guidelines for pain management in acute musculoskeletal injury. J Orthop Trauma. 2019;33(5):e158–e182. doi: 10.1097/BOT.0000000000001430

92. Nischal N, Arulraja E, Shaheen SP. Pain management for orthopedic injuries. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2020;38(1):223–241. doi: 10.1016/j.emc.2019.09.013

93. Каратеев АЕ, Лила АМ, Загородний НВ, Амирджанова ВН, Погожева ЕЮ, Филатова ЕС, и др. Острая боль в раннем периоде после травм в амбулаторной практике: возможность медикаментозного контроля. Результаты многоцентрового наблюдательного исследования РАПТОР (Рациональная Анальгезия После Травм: Оценка Результатов). Терапевтический архив. 2020;92(5):69–77.

94. Heard BJ, Barton KI, Abubacker S, Chung M, Martin CR, Schmidt TA, et al. Synovial and cartilage responsiveness to perioperative hyaluronic acid ± dexamethasone administration following a limited injury to the rabbit stifle joint. J Orthop Res. 2022;40(4):838–845. doi: 10.1002/jor.25108

95. Di Francesco M, Bedingfield SK, Di Francesco V, Colazo JM, Yu F, Ceseracciu L, et al. Shape-defined microplates for the sustained intra-articular release of dexamethasone in the management of overload-induced osteoarthritis. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2021;13(27):31379–31392. doi: 10.1021/acsami.1c02082

96. McIlwraith CW, Lattermann C. Intra-articular corticosteroids for knee pain – What have we learned from the equine athlete and current best practice. J Knee Surg. 2019;32(1):9–25. doi: 10.1055/s-0038-1676449

97. Lattermann C, Jacobs CA, Proffitt Bunnell M, Huston LJ, Gammon LG, Johnson DL, et al. A multicenter study of early antiinflammatory treatment in patients with acute anterior cruciate ligament tear. Am J Sports Med. 2017;45(2):325–333. doi: 10.1177/0363546516666818

98. Aman ZS, DePhillipo NN, Familiari F, Dickens JF, LaPrade RF, Dekker TJ. Acute intervention with selective interleukin-1 inhibitor therapy may reduce the progression of posttraumatic osteoarthritis of the knee: A systematic review of current evidence. Arthroscopy. 2022;38(8):2543–2556. doi: 10.1016/j.arthro.2022.02.009

99. Chevalier X, Goupille P, Beaulieu AD, Burch FX, Bensen WG, Conrozier T, et al. Intraarticular injection of anakinra in osteoarthritis of the knee: A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;61(3):344–352. doi: 10.1002/art.24096

100. Kany J, Benkalfate T, Favard L, Teissier P, Charousset C, Flurin PH, et al.; French Society for Shoulder, Elbow (SOFEC). Osteoarthritis of the shoulder in under-50 year-olds: A multicenter retrospective study of 273 shoulders by the French Society for Shoulder and Elbow (SOFEC). Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2021;107(1):102756. doi: 10.1016/j.otsr.2020.102756

101. Zitsch BP, James CR, Crist BD, Stoker AM, Della Rocca GJ, Cook JL. A prospective randomized double-blind clinical trial to assess the effects of leukocyte-reduced platelet-rich plasma on pro-inflammatory, degradative, and anabolic biomarkers after closed pilon fractures. J Orthop Res. 2022;40(4):925–932. doi: 10.1002/jor.25123

102. Трофимов ЕА, Мазуров ВИ, Мельников ЕС. Комбинированная медикаментозная терапия посттравматического гонартроза. Терапия. 2019;6(32):44–49.

103. Almezgagi M, Zhang Y, Hezam K, Shamsan E, Gamah M, AlShaebi F, et al. Diacerein: Recent insight into pharmacological activities and molecular pathways. Biomed Pharmacother. 2020;131:110594. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110594

104. Pelletier JP, Raynauld JP, Dorais M, Bessette L, Dokoupilova E, Morin F, et al.; DISSCO Trial Investigator Group. An international, multicentre, double-blind, randomized study (DISSCO): Effect of diacerein vs celecoxib on symptoms in knee osteoarthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2020;59(12):3858–3868. doi: 10.1093/ rheumatology/keaa072

105. Каратеев АЕ, Алексеева ЛИ. Оценка переносимости диацереина в реальной клинической практике. Результаты исследования РОКАДА (Ретроспективная Оценка Клинических Аспектов применения Диафлекса при остеоАртрозе). Научно-практическая ревматология. 2015;53(2):169–174

106. Каратеев АЕ. Гликозаминогликан-пептидный комплекс при лечении остеоартрита коленного и тазобедренного суставов: из прошлого в будущее. Научно-практическая ревматология. 2020;58(1):91–96.

107. Каратеев АЕ, Алексеева ЛИ, Погожева ЕЮ, Амирджанова ВН, Филатова ЕС, Нестеренко ВА, и др. Эффективность комбинированного применения гликозаминогликан-пептидного комплекса для внутримышечного введения и перорального диацереина при остеоартрите. Терапевтический архив. 2021;93(5):587–593.