ЛЕКАРСТВЕННАЯ ТЕРАПИЯ БОЛЬНЫХ РЕВМАТИЧЕСКИМИ ЗАБОЛЕВАНИЯМИ ПРИ БЕРЕМЕННОСТИ И ЛАКТАЦИИ

1. <div><p>Ostensen M., Khamashta M., Lockshin M. et al. Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drugs and reproduction. Arthr Res Ther 2006;8:209</p><p>Miyakis S., Lockshin M.D., Atsumi T. et al. International consensus statement on an update of the classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). J Thromb Haemost 2006;4:295-306.</p><p>Nielsen G.L., Sorensen H.T., Larsen H., Pedersen L. Risk of adverse birth outcome and miscarriage in pregnant users of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: population based observational study and case-control study. Br Med J 2001;322:266-70</p><p>Li D.K., Liu L., Odouli R. Exposure to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs during pregnancy and risk of miscarriage: population based cohort study. Br Med J 2003;327:368-73.</p><p>Kozer E., Costei A.M., Boskovic R. et al. Effects of aspirin consumption during pregnancy on pregnancy outcomes: meta-analysis. Birth Defects Res Part B: Dev Reprod Toxicol 2003;68:70-84.</p><p>Yussoff Dawood M. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and reproduction. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993;169:1255-65.</p><p>Lewis R.B., Schulman J.D. Influence of acetylicsalicylic acid, an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis, on the duration of human gestation and labour. Lancet 1973; 1:1159-61.</p><p>Sawdy R.J., Lye S., Fisk N.M., Bennett P.R. A double-blind randomized study of fetal side effects during and after short-term maternal administration of indomethacin, sulindac, and nimesulide for therapy of preterm labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003;188:1046-51.</p><p>Locatelli A., Vergani P., Bellini P. et al. Can a cyclooxygenase type-2 selective tocolytic agent avoid the fetal side effects of indomethacin? BJOG 2001;108:325-6.</p><p>Stika C.S., Gross G.A., Leguizamon G. et al. A prospective randomized safety trial of celecoxib for treatment of preterm labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;187:653-60.</p><p>Cook J.C., Jacobson C.F., Gao F. et al. Analysis of the nesteroidal anti-inflammatory drug literature for potential developmental toxicity in rats and rabbits. Birth Defecrs Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol 2003;68:5-26.</p><p>Cappon G.D., Cook J.C., Hurtt M.E. Relationship between cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 selective inhibitors and fetal development when administered to rats and rabbits during the sensitive periods for heart development and midline closure. Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol 2003;68:47-56.</p><p>Heinonen O.P., Slone D., Shapiro S. Birth Defects and Drugs in Pregnancy. Littleton, MA: Littleton Publishing Sciences Group, 1977;286-95.</p><p>Slone D., Heinonen O.P., Kaufman D.W. et al. Aspirin and congenital malformations. Lancet 1976;1:1373-5.</p><p>Briggs G.G., Freeman R.K., Yaffe S.J. (eds). Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins, 2002.</p><p>Kä llen B. The teratogenicity of antirheumatic drugs - what is the evidence? Scand J Rheumatol 1998;27 (Suppl. 107):119-24.</p><p>Kozer E., Shekoufeh N., Costei A. et al. Aspirin consumption drugs the first trimester of pregnancy and congenital anomalies: a meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002; 187:1623-30.</p><p>Marinez-Frias M.L., Rodriguez-Pinffla E., Prieto L. Prenatal exposure to salicylates and gastroshisis: a case-control study. Teratology 1997;56:241-3.</p><p>Stanfield K.M., Bell R.R., Lisowski A.R. et al. Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in embryonic and fetal tissues during organogenesis and late pregnancy. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 2003;67:54-8.</p><p>Momma K., Takeuchi H. Constriction of the ductus arteriosus by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Prostaglandins 1983;26:631-4.</p><p>Vermillion S.T., Scardo J.A., Lashus A.G., Wiles H.B. The effect of indomethacin tocolysis on fetal ductus arteriosus constriction with advancing gestational age. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997;177:256-61</p><p>Norton M.E. Fetal effects of indomethacin administration during pregnancy. Teratology 1997;56:282-92.</p><p>Alano M.A., Ngougmna E., Ostrea E.M. Jr., Konduri G.G. Analysis of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in meconium and its relation to persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. Pediatrics 2001; 107:519-23.</p><p>Hickok D.E., Hollenbach K.A., Reilley S.F., Nyberg D.A. The association between decreased amniotic fluid volume and treatment with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for preterm labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989;160:1525-31.</p><p>Van der Heijden B., Gubler M.C. Renal failure in the neonate associated with in utero exposure to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents. Pediatr Nephrol 1995;9:675.</p><p>Peruzzi L., Gianooglio B., Porcellini G. et al. Neonatal chronic kidney failure associated with cyclooxygenase-2 ingibitors administered during pregnancy. Minerva Uro Nefrol 2001;53:113-6.</p><p>Stuart M.J., Gross S.J., Elrad H., Graeber J.E. Effects of acetylsalicylic-acid ingestion on maternal and neonatal hemostasis. N Engl J Med 1982;307:909-12.</p><p>Heriz-Picciotto I., Hopenhayn-Rich C., Golub M., Hooper K. The risks and benefit of taking aspirin during pregnancy. Epidemiol Rev 1990;12:108-48</p><p>Di Sessa T.G., Moretti M.L., Khoury A. et al. Cardiac function in fetuses and new-borns exposed to low-dose aspirin during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994; 171:892-900.</p><p>Leonhardt A., Bernert S., Watzer B. et al. Low-dose aspirin in pregnancy: maternal and neonatal aspirin concentrations and neonatal prostanoid formation. Pediatrics 2003;111:77-81.</p><p>Horiocker T.T., Bajwa Z.H., Ashrat Z. et al. Risk assessment of hemorrhagic complications associated with nonsteroidal antiin-flammatory medications in ambulatory pain clinical patients undergoing epidural steroid injection. Anesth Analg 2002;95:1691-7.</p><p>Reese J., Zhao X., Ma W.G. et al. Comparative analysis of pharmacologic and/or genetic disruption of cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 function in female reproduction in mice. Endocrinology 2001;142:3198-206.</p><p>Sookvanichsilp N., Pulbutr P. Antiimplantation effects of indomethacin and celecoxib in rats. Contraception 2002; 65:373-8.</p><p>Mendonca L.L.F., Khamashta M.A., Nelson-Piercy C., Hughes G.R.V. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs as a possible cause for reversible infertility. Rhematology 2000;39:880-2.</p><p>Uhler M.L., Hsu J.W., Fisher S.G., Zinaman M.J. The effect of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs on ovulation: a prospective, randomized clinical trial. Fertil Steril 2001;76:957-61.</p><p>Pall M., Frider B.E., Brannstrom M. Induction of delayed follicular rupture in the human by the selective COX-2 inhibitor rofecoxib: a randomized double blind study. Hum Reprod 2001;16:1323-8.</p><p>Martini A.C., Molina R.I., Tissera A.D. et al. Analysis of semen from patients chronically treated with low or moderate doses of aspirin like drugs. Fertil Steril 2003; 80:221-2.</p><p>Spigset O., Hägg S. Analgesics and breast-feeding. Safety considerations. Paediatr Drugs 2000;2:223-38.</p><p>Committee on Drugs. American Academy of Pediatrics. The transfer of drugs and other chemicals into human milk. Pediatrics 2001;108:776-89</p><p>Derksen R.H.W., Khamashta M.A., Branch D.W. Management of the obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome. Arthr Rheum 2004;50:1028-39.</p><p>Empson M., Lassere M., Craig J., Scott J. Prevention of recurrent miscarriage for women with antiphospholipid antibody or lupus anticoagulant [review]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005;2:CD002859.</p><p>Nguyen C.M., Harrington R.A. Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonists: a comparative review of their use in percutaneous coronary intervention. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2003;3:23.</p><p>The Matisse Investigators. Subcutaneous Fondoparinux versus intravenous unfrac-tioned heparin in the initial treatment of pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med 2003; 349:1695-702.</p><p>Turpie A.G., Eriksson B.I., Bauer K.A., Lassen M.R. New pentasaccharides for the prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism. Chest 2003;124:371-8.</p><p>Dempfle C.E.H. Minor transplacental passage of fondoparinux in vivo. N Engl J Med 2004;350:1914-5.</p><p>Olsson S.B. Executive Steering Committee on behalf of the SPORTIF III investigators. Stroke prevention with the oral direct thrombion inhibitor ximelagatran compared with warfarin in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (SPORTIF III): randomized controlled trial. Lancet 2003;362:1691-8.</p><p>Fiessinger J.N., Huisman M.V., Davidson B.L. et al. and THRIVE Treatment Study Investigators. Ximelagatran vs low-molecular-weight heparin and warfarin for the treatment of deep vein thrombosis: a randomized trial. JAMA 2005; 293:681-9.</p><p>Cowchock F.S., Reece E.A., Balaban D. et al. Repeated fetal losses associated with antiphospholipid antibodies: a collaborative randomized trial comparing prednisone with low-dose heparin treatment. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992;166:1318-23.</p><p>Reinisch J.M., Simon N.G. Prenatal exposure to prednisone in humans and animals retards intrauterine growth. Science 1978;202:436-8.</p><p>Carmichael S.L., Shaw G.M. Maternal corticosteroid use and risk of selected congenital anomalies. Teratology 1999; 86:242-4.</p><p>Pradat P., Robert-Gnansia E., Di Tanna G.L. et al. Contributors to the MADRE database. First trimester exposure to corticosteroids and oral clefts. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 2003;67:968-70.</p><p>Czeizel A.E., Rockenbauer M. Population-based case-control study of teratogenic potential of corticosteroids. Teratology 1997;56:335-40.</p><p>Park-Wyllie L., Mazzotta P., Pastuszak A. et al. Birth defects after maternal exposure to corticosteroids: prospective cohort study and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. Teratology 2000;62:385-92.</p><p>Källen B. Maternal drug use and infant cleft lip/palate with special reference to corticoids. Cleft Pal Cranifacial J 2003; 40:624-8.</p><p>Scott J.R. Fetal growth retardation associated with maternal administration of immunosuppressives. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1977;128:668-76.</p><p>Czeizel A.E., Toth M. Birth weight, gestational age and medications during pregnancy. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1998; 60:245-9.</p><p>Schmidt P.L., Sims M.E., Strassner H.T. et al. Effect of antepartum glucocorticoid administration upon neonatal respiratory distress syndrome and perinatal infection. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1984;178:178-86.</p><p>Cederqvist L.L., Merkatz I.R., Litwin S.D. Fetal immunoglobin synthesis following maternal immunosuppression. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1977;129:687-90.</p><p>Kraus A.M. Congenital cataract and maternal steroid injection. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1975;12:107-8.</p><p>Price H.V., Salaman J.R., Laurence K.M., Langmaid H. Immunosuppressive drugs and the fetus. Transplantation 1976; 21:294-8</p><p>National Institutes of Health. Report of the Consensus Development Conference on the Effect of Corticosteroids for Fetal Maturation on Perinatal Outcome. NIH Publication no. 95-3784. Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, 1994.</p><p>Huang W.L., Haper C.G., Evans S.F. et al. Repeated prenatal corticosteroid administration delays astrocyte and capillary tight junction maturation in fetal sheep. Int J Dev Neurosci 2000;19:487-93.</p><p>Matthews S.G. Antenatal glucocorticoids and programming of the developing CNS. Pediatr Res 2000;47:291-300.</p><p>Abbasi S., Hirsch D., Davis J. et al. Effect of single versus multiple courses of antenatal corticosteroids on maternal and neonatal outcome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;182:1243-9.</p><p>Spinillo A., Viazzo F., Colleoni R. et al. Two-year infant neurodevelopmental outcome after single or multiple antenatal courses of corticosteroids to prevent complications of prematurity. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004;191:217-24.</p><p>Urban R., Lemancewicz A., Przepiesc J. et al. Antenatal corticosteroid therapy: a comparative study of dexamethasone and betamethasone effects on fetal Doppler flow velocity waveforms. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2005;120:170-4.</p><p>Crowley P. Prophylactic corticosteroids for preterm delivery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev; 2000;2:CD000065.</p><p>Jobe A.H., Soll R.F. Choice and dose of corticosteroid for antenatal treatments. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004;190:871-85.</p><p>Lodygensky G.A., Rademaker K., Zimine S. et al. Structural and functional brain development after hydrocortisone treatment for neonatal chronic lung disease. Pediatrics 2005;116:1-7.</p><p>Benediktsson R., Lindsay R.S., Noble J. et al. Glucocorticoid exposure in utero: new model for adult hypertension. Lancet 1993; 341:339-41</p><p>Daiziel S.R., Walker N.K., Parag V. et al. Cardiovascular risk factors after antenatal exposure to betametasone: 30-year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. Lancet 2005;365:1856-62.</p><p>Brucato A., Astori M.G., Cimaz R. et al. Normal neuropsychological development in children with congenital complete heart block who may or may not be exposed to high dose dexamethasone in utero. Ann Rheum Dis 2006;65:1422-6.</p><p>Öst L., Wettrell G., Bjorkhem I., Rane A. Prednisolone excretion in human milk. J Pediatrics 1985;106:1008-11.</p><p>Ruiz-Irastoiza G., Khamashta M.A., Hughes G.R. Heparin and osteoporosis during pregnancy: 2002 update. Lupus 2002; 11:680-2.</p><p>Patlas N., Golomb G., Yaffe P. et al. Transplacental effects of bisphosphonates on fetal skeletal ossification and mineralization in rats. Teratology 1999;60:68-73.</p><p>Illidge T.M., Hussey M., Godden C.W. Malignant hypercalciaemia in pregnancy and antenatal administration of intravenous pamidronate. Clin Oncol 1996;8:257-8.</p><p>Rutgers-Verhage A.R., de Vries T.W., Torringa M.J.L. No effects of bisphosphonates on the human fetus. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 2003;67:203-4.</p><p>Siminoski K., Fitzgerald A.A., Flesch G., Gross M.S. Intravenous pamidronate for treatment of reflex sympathetic dystrophy during breast feeding. J Bone Miner Res 2000;15:2052-5.</p><p>Phillips-Howard P.A., Wood D. The safety of antimalarial drugs in pregnancy. Drug Safety 1996;14:131-45.</p><p>Costedoat-Chalumeau N., Amoura Z., Aymard G. et al. Evidence of transplacental passage of hydroxychloroquine in humans. Arthr Rheum 2002;46:1123-4.</p><p>Wolfe M.S., Cordero J. Safety of chloroquine in chemosuppression of malaria during pregnancy. Br Med J 1985;290:1466-7.</p><p>Parke A.L., West B. Hydroxychloroquine in pregnant patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol 1996;23:1715-8.</p><p>Buchanan N.M.M., Toubi E., Khamashta K.E. et al. Hydroxychloroquine and lupus pregnancy: review of a series of 36 cases. Ann Rheum Dis 1996;55:486-8.</p><p>Costedoat-Chalumeau N., Amoura Z., Duhaut P. et al. Safety of hydroxychloroquine in pregnant patients with connective tissue diseases: a study of one hundred thirty-three cases compared with a control group. Arthr Rheum 2003;48:3207-11.</p><p>Border M.B., Parke A.L. Antimalarial drugs in systemic lupus erythematosus. Use in pregnancy. Drug Safety 2001;24:1055-63.</p><p>Hart C.N., Naunton R.F. The ototoxicity of chloroquine phosphate. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1964; 80:407-12.</p><p>Nation R.L., Hackett L.P., Dusci L.J., Ilett K.F. Excretion of hydroxychloroquine in human milk. Br J Clin Parmacol 1984; 17:368-9.</p><p>Оstensen M., Brown N.D., Chiang P.K., Arbakke J. Hydroxychloroquine in human breast milk. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1985; 28:357.</p><p>Klinger G., Morad Y., Westall C.A. et al. Ocular toxicity and antenatal exposure to chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine for rheumatic diseases. Lancet 2001;358:813-4.</p><p>Motta M., Tincani A., Faden D. et al. Follow-up of infants exposed to hydroxychloroquine given to mothers during pregnancy and lactation. J Perinatol 2005; 25:86-9.</p><p>Cimaz R., Brucato A., Meregalli E. et al. Electroretinograms of children born to mothers treated with hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Arthr Rheum 2004;50:3056-7.</p><p>Borba E.F., Turrini-Filho J.R., Kuruma K.A. et al. Chloroquine gestational use in systemic lupus erythematosus: assessing the risk of child ototoxicity by pure tone audiometry. Lupus 2004;13:223-7.</p><p>Norgard B., Czeizel A.E., Rockenbauer M. et al. Population based case control study of the safety of sulphasalazine used during pregnancy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2001; 15:483-6.</p><p>Mogadam M., Dobbins W.O., Korelitz B.I., Ahmed S.W. Pregnancy in inflammatory bowel disease: effect of sulfasalazine and corticosteroids on fetal outcome. Gastroenterology 1981;80:72-6</p><p>Moody G.A., Probert C., Jayanthi V., Mayberry J.F. The effects of chronic ill health and treatment with sulphasalazine on fertility amongst men and women with inflammatory bowel disease in Leicestershire. Int J Colorect Dis 1997; 12:220-4.</p><p>Hemandez-Diaz S., Werler M.M., Walker A.M., Mitchell A.A. Folic acid antagonists during pregnancy and the risk of birth defects. N Engl J Med 2000; 343:1608-14.</p><p>Järnerot G., Anderson S., Esbjörner E. et al. Albumin reserve for binding of bilirubin in maternal and cord serum unter treatment with sulphasalazine. Scand J Gastroenterol 1981;16:1049-55.</p><p>Zwi L.J., Becroft D.M. Intrauterine aplastic anemia and fetal hydrops: a case report. Pediatr Pathol 1986;5:199-205</p><p>Levi S., Libermann M., Levi A.J., Bjamason I. Reversible congenital neutropenia associated with maternal sulphasalazine therapy. Eur J Pediat 1988;148:174-5.</p><p>Esbjö rner E., Jä rnerot G., Wranne L. Sulphasalazine and sulphapyridine serum levels in children to mothers treated with sulphasalazine during pregnancy and lactation. Acta Paediatr Scand 1987;76:137-42.</p><p>Branski D., Kerem E., Gross-Kieselstein E. et al. Bloody diarrhoea - a possible complication of sulphasalazine transferred through human breast milk. J</p><p>O'Morain C., Smethurst P., Dore C.J., Levi A.J. Reversible male infertility due to sulphasalazine: studies in man and rat. Gut 1984;25:1078-84.</p><p>Polifka J.E., Friedman J.M. Teratogen update: azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine. Teratology 2002;65:240-61.</p><p>Reimers T.J., Sluss P.M. 6-Mercaptopurine treatment of pregnant mice: effect on second and third generation. Science 1978;201:65-7.</p><p>Moskovitz D.N., Bodian C., Chapman M.L. et al. The effect on the fetus of medications used to treat pregnant inflammatory bowel-disease patients. Am J Gastroenterol 2004;99:656-61.</p><p>Price H.V., Salaman J.R., Laurence K.M., Langmaid H. Immunosuppressive drugs and the fetus. Transplantation 1976; 21:294-8. Cote C.J., Meuwissen H.G., Pickering R.J. Effects on the neonate of prednisone and azathioprine administered to the mother during pregnancy. J Pediatrics 1974; 85:324-8.</p><p>Davison J.M., Dellagrammatikas H., Parkin J.M. Maternal azathioprine therapy and depressed haemopoiesis in the babies of renal allograft patients. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1985;92:233-9.</p><p>Rajapakse R.O., Korelitz B.I., Zlatank I. et al. Outcome of pregnancies when fathers are treated with 6-mercaptopurine for inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2000;95:684-8.</p><p>Francella A., Dyan A., Bodian C. et al. The safety of 6-mercaptopurine for child-bearing patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a retrospective cohort study. Gastroenterology 2003;124:9-17.</p><p>Bennett P.N. Azathioprine. In: Drugs and Human Lactation. Ed. by Bennett P.N. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1988:286-7.</p><p>Dejaco C., Mittermaier C., Reinisch W. et al. Azathioprine treatment and male infertility in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 2001;121:1048-53.</p><p>Pilarski L.M., Yacyshyn B.R., Lazarovits A.I. Analysis of peripheral blood lymphocyte populations and immune function from children exposed to cyclosporine or to azathioprine in utero. Transplantation 1994;57:133-44.</p><p>Scott J.R., Branch W.D., Holman J. Autoimmune and pregnancy complications in the daughter of a kidney transplant patient. Transplantation 2002;73:815-6.</p><p>Wilson J.G., Scott W.J., Ritter E.J., Fradkin R. Comparative distribution and embryotoxicity of methotrexate in pregnant rats and rhesus monkeys. Teratology 1979; 19:71-98.</p><p>Chapa J.B., Hibbard J.U., Weber E.M. et al. Prenatal diagnosis of methotrexate embryopathy. Obstet Gynecol 2003; 101:1104-7.</p><p>aberrations in a newborn whose mother received cytotoxic treatment during pregnancy. N Engl J Med 1987; 317:1666-7. Pizzuto J., Aviles A., Noriega L. et al. Treatment of acute leukemia during pregnancy: presentation of nine cases. Cancer Treat Rep 1980;64:679-83. Buckley L.M., Bullaboy C.A., Leichtman L., Marquez M. Multiple congenital anomalies associated with weekly low-dose methotrexate treatment of the mother. Arthr Rheum 1997;40:971-3. Оstensen M., Hartmann H., Salvesen K. Low dose weekly methotrexate in early pregnancy. A case series and review of the literature. J Rheumatol 2000;27:1872-5. Krähenmann F., Оstensen M., Stallmach Th. et al. In utero first trimester exposure to low-dose methotrexate with increased fetal nuchal translucency and associated malformations. Penat Diagn 2002; 22:489-90. Gervaise A., Masson L., de Tayrac R. et al. Reproductive outcome after methotrexate treatment of tubal pregnancies. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2005;60:175-6.</p><p>Green D.M., Zevon M.A., Lowrie G. et al. Congenital anomalies in children of patients who received chemotherapy for cancer in childhood and adolescence. N Engl J Med 1991;325:141-6.</p><p>Johns D.G., Rutherford L.D., Keighton P.C., Vogel C.L. Secretion of methotrexate into human milk. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1972;112:978-80.</p><p>Morris L.F., Harrod M.J., Menter M.A., Silverman A.K. Methotrexate and reproduction in men: Case report and recommendations. J Am Acad Dermatol 1993;29:913-6.</p><p>Sussman A., Leonard J.M. Psoriasis, methotrexate, and oligospermia. Arch Dermatol 1980;116:215-7.</p><p>Aviles A., Diaz-Maqueo J.C., Talavera A. et al. Growth and development of children of mothers treated with chemotherapy during pregnancy: current status of 43 children. Am J Hematol 1991;36:243-8.</p><p>Kozlowski R.D., Steinbrunner J.V., MacKenzie A.H. et al. Outcome of firsttrimester exposure to low-dose methotrexate in eight patients with rheumatic disease. Am J Med 1990;88:589-92.</p><p>Brent R.L. Teratogen update: reproductive risk of leflunomide (Arava). A pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor: counseling women taking leflunomide befor or during pregnancy and men taking leflunomide who are contemplating fathering a child. Teratology 2001;63:106-12.</p><p>Chakravarty E.F., Sanchez-Yamamoto D., Bush T.M. The use of disease modifying antirheumatic drugs in women with rheumatoid arthritis of childbearing age: a survey of practice patterns and pregnancy outcome. J Rheumatol 2003;30:241-6.</p><p>Greenberg L.H., Tanaka R. Congenital anomalies probably induced by cyclophos-phamide. JAMA 1964;188:423-6.</p><p>Toledo T.M., Harper R.C., Moser R.H. Fetal effects during cyclophosphamide and irradiation therapy. Ann Intern Med 1971;74:87-91. '</p><p>Murray C.L., Reichert J.A., Anderson J., Twiggs L.B. Multimodal cancer therapy for breast cancer in the first trimester of pregnancy. A case report. JAMA 1984; 252:462-4.</p><p>Zemlickis D., Lishner M., Erlich R., Koren G. Teratogenicity and carcinogenicity in a twin exposed in utero to cyclophos-phamide. Teratogen Carcinogen Mutagen 1993;13:139-43.</p><p>Paladini D., Vassallo M., D'Armiento M.R. et al. Prenatal detection of multiple fetal anomalies following inadventent exposure to cyclophosphamide in the first trimester of pregnancy. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 2004;70:99-100.</p><p>Vaux K.K., Kahole N.C., Jones K.L. Cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and cytarabine embropathy: is apoptosis the common pathway? Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol 2003;67:403-8.</p><p>Gershenson D.M. Menstrual and reproductive function after treatment with combination chemotherapy for malignant ovarian germ cell tumors. J Clin Oncol 1988;6:270-5.</p><p>Green D.M., Whitton J.A., Stovall M. et al. Pregnancy outcome of partners of male survivors of childhood cancer: a report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. J Clin Oncol 2003;21:716-21.</p><p>Durodola J.I. Administration of cyclophosphamide during late pregnancy and early lactation: a case report. J Nat Med Ass 1979;71:165-6.</p><p>Waxman J. Chemotherapy and the adult gonad: a review. J R Soc Med 1983; 76:144-8.</p><p>Boumpas D.T., Austin H.A., Vaughan E.M. et al. Risk of sustained amenorrhea in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus receiving intermittent pulse cyclophosphamide therapy. Ann Inter Med 1993; 119:366-9.</p><p>Huong D.L.T., Amoura Z., Duhaut P. et al. Risk of ovarian failure and fertility after intravenous cyclophosphamide. A study in 84 patients. J Rheumatol 2002;29:2571-6.</p><p>Silva C.A.A., Hallak J., Pasqualotto F.F. et al. Gonadal function in male adolescents and young males with juvenile onset systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rhematol 2002; 29:2000-5.</p><p>Kenney L.B., Laufer M.R., Grant F.D. et al. High risk of infertility and long term gonadal damage in males treated with high dose cyclophosphamide for sarcoma during childhood. Cancer 2001;91:613-21.</p><p>Somers E.C., Marder W., Christman G.M. et al. Use of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog against premature ovarian failure during cyclophosphamide therapy in women with severe lupus. Arthr Rheum 2005;52:2761-7.</p><p>Winter J.F., Boice J.D., Mulvihill J.J. et al. Chromosomal abnormalities among offspring of child-cancer survivors in Denmark: a population based study. Am J Hum Genet 2004;74:1282-5.</p><p>Mason R.J., Thomson A.W., Whiting P.H. et al. Cyclosporine-induced fetotoxicity in the rat. Transplantation 1985;39:9-12.</p><p>Armenti V.T., Ahlswede K.M., Ahlswede B.A. et al. National transplantation pregnancy registry: outcomes of 154 pregnancies in cyclosporine-treated female kidney transplant recipients. Transplantation 1994;57:502-6.</p><p>Lamarque V., Leleu M.F., Monka C., Krupp P. Analysis of 629 pregnancy outcomes in transplant recipients treated with Sandimmum. Transplant Proc 1997;29:2480.</p><p>Barrou B.M., Gruessner A.C., Sutherland D.E., Gruessner R.W. Pregnancy after pancreas transplantation in the cyclosporine era: report from the International Pancreas Transplant Registry. Transplantation 1998;65:524-7.</p><p>Shaheen F.A.M., Al-Sulaiman M.H., Al-Khader A.A. Long-term nephrotoxicity after exposure to CsA in utero. Transplantation 1993;56:224-5.</p><p>Bar Oz B., Hackman R., Einarson T., Koren G. Pregnancy outcome after CsA therapy during pregnancy: a meta-analysis. Transplantation 2001;71:1051-</p><p>Moretti M.E., Sgro M., Johnson D.W. et al. Cyclosporine excretion into breast milk. Transplantation 2003;75:2144-6.</p><p>Stanley C.W., Gottlieb R., Zager R. et al. Developmental well-being in offspring of women receiving post-renal transplant. Transplant Proc 1999;31:241-2</p><p>Di Paolo S., Schena A., Morrone L.F. et al. Immunologic evaluation during the first year of life of infants born to cyclosporine treated female kidney transplant recipients. Transplantation 2000;69:2049-54.</p><p>Cimaz R., Meregalli E., Biggioggero M. et al. Alterations in the immune system of children from mothers treated with immunosuppressive agents during pregnancy. Toxicol</p><p>Sgro M.D., Barrozino T., Mirghani H.M. et al. Pregnancy outcome post renal transplantation. Teratology 2002;65:5-9.</p><p>Le Ray C., Coulomb A., Elefant E. et al. Mycophenolate mofetil in pregnancy after renal transplantation: a case of major fetal malformations. Obstet Gynecol 2004; 103:1091-4.</p><p>Pergola P.E., Kancharia A., Riley D.J. Kidney transplantation during the first trimester of pregnancy: immunosuppression with mycophenolate mofetil, tacrolimus, and prednisone. Transplantation 2001;71:994-7.</p><p>Armenti V.T., Radomski J.S., Gaughan W.J. et al. National Transplantation Registry. Report from the National Transplantation Pregnancy Registry (NTPR): outcomes of pregnancy after transplantation. Clin Transpl 2003;17:131-41.</p><p>Radder C.M., Roelen D.L., van de Meer-Prins E.M. et al. The immunologic profile of infants born after maternal immunoglobulin treatment and intrauterine platelet transfusions for fetal/neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004;191:815-2</p><p>Tartakovsky B., Ben Yair E. Cytokines modulate preimplantation development and pregnancy. Dev Biol 1991;146:343-52.</p><p>Imseis H.M., Zimmerman P.D., Samuels P., Kniss D.A. Tumor necrosis factor alfa induces cyclooxygenase 2 gene expression in first trimester trophoblasts: suppression by glucocorticoids and NSAIDs. Pancenta 1997;18:521-6.</p><p>Daher S., Fonseca F., Ribero O. et al. Tumor necrosis factor during pregnancy and at the onset of labor and spontaneous abortion. Eur J Obstet Gyn Reprod Biol 1999; 83:77-9.</p><p>Yu X.W., Yan C.F., Jin H.L., Li X. Tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 expression and early spontaneous abortion. Int J Gynecol Obstet 2005;88:44-8.</p><p>Vesga L., Terdiman J.P., Mahadevan U. Adalimumab use in pregnancy. Gut 2005;54:890.</p><p>Sanchez Munoz D., Hoyas Pablos E., Ramirez Martin Del Campo M. et al. Term pregnancy in a patient with Crohn's disease under treatment with adalimumab. Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005;28:435.</p><p>Herold M., Schnohr S., Bittrich H. Effecacy and safety of a combined rituximab chemotherapy during pregnancy. J Clin Oncol 2001;19:3439.</p><p>Kimby E., Sverrisdottir A., Elinder G. Safety of rituximab therapy during the first trimester of pregnancy: a case history. Eur J Haematol 2004;72:292-5.</p><p>Roux C.H., Broeq O., Breuil C. et al. Pregnancy in rheumatology patients exposed to anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a therapy. Rheumatology 2007;46:695-8.</p><p>Оstensen M., Lockshin A., Doria A. et al. Update on safety during pregnancy of biological agents and some immunosuppressive anti-rheumatic drugs. Rheumatology 2008; 47:28-31.</p><p>Treacy G. Using an analogous monoclonal antibody to evaluate the reproductive and chronic toxicity potential for a humanized anti-TNF-α monoclonal antibody. Hum Exp Toxicol 2000;19:226-8.</p><p>Mahadevan U., Kane S., Sandborn W.J. et al. Intentional infliximab use during pregnancy for induction or maintenance of remission in Crohn's disease. Aliment Parmacol Ther 2005;21:733-8.</p><p>Katz J.A., Antoni C., Keenan G.F. et al. Outcome of pregnancy in women receiving infliximab for the treatment of Crohn's disease and rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Gastroenterol 2004;99:2385-92.</p><p>La Montagna G., Malesci D., Buono R., Valentini G. Asthenoazoospermia in patients receiving anti-tumor necrosis factor α agents. Ann Rheum Dis 2005;64:1667.</p><p>Mahadevan U., Terdiman J.P., Aron J. et al. Infliximab and semen quality in men with inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2005;11:395-9.</p><p>Fö rger F., Matthias T., Opperman M. et al. Infliximab in breast milk. Lupus 2004; 13:753.</p><p>Goroir B.P., Peppel K., Silva M., Beutler B. The biosynthesis of tumor necrosis factor during pregnancy: studies with a CAT reporter transgene and TNF inhibitors. Eur Cytokine Netw 1992;3:533-7.</p><p>Carter J., Valeriano J., Vasey F.B. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibition and VATER association: a causal relationship? J Rheumatol 2006;33:1014-7.</p><p>Ostensen M., Eigenmann G.O. Etanercept in breast milk. J Rheumatol 2004,31:1017-8.</p></div><br />